Introduction: Is Separate Equal in Sports? -- Title IX: History, Results, and Controversies of "Separate but Equal" -- Title IX and Brown v. Board of Education: Intention, Implementation, and Outcomes of Sex-Based vs. Race-Based Policy -- The Social Construction of Sex and Race: Concepts Real Only in Their Consequences and Why This Matters in Sports -- The Politics of Opportunity: Intentions, Aftermath, and the Necessity for Change -- The Elimination of Sex Categories in Sport: Benefits in Athletics and Beyond -- How Sex Integration Is Possible: Recommendations for Dismantling Ideological and Structural Barriers to Desegregation in Sports.