Tables; Preface; Introduction: The Cost of Being Female Index; 1 The Cost of Being Female in the Workplace; 2 The Cost of Being Female in Politics; 3 The Cost of Being Female in Social Life; 4 The Educational Cost of Being Female; 5 The Health Cost of Being Female; 6 The Cost of Being Female in Sweden and Norway; 7 The Cost of Being Female in France; 8 The Cost of Being Female in China; 9 The Impact of the Industrial Revolution on the Cost of Being Female; 10 The Cost of Being Female across the Generations; Conclusion: Reducing the Cost of Being Female in the Twenty-first Century.