Papal Anti-Judaism in theory and practice over the millenia -- Anti-Judaism in the church : from the French Revolution to the mid-nineteenth century -- Pio Nono and the Jews : from reform to reaction, 1846-1878 -- Anti-Judaism in an age of anti-Semitism, 1878-1922 -- Pius XI and the Jews in an age of dictators, 1922-1939 -- The "silence" of Pius XII and his crusade against communism -- John XXIII, Paul VI, and Vatican II : aggiornamento and the new relationship between Catholics and Jews -- Apology and reconciliation : John Paul II confronts the church's anti-Judaic past and the Holocaust.