Front Cover -- Sports and energy drinks: Volume 10: The Science of Beverages -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Series Preface -- Preface -- 1: Sports and Energy Drinks: Aspects to Consider -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Component of Sports and Energy Drinks -- 1.2.1 Sports Drinks -- 1.2.1.1 Isotonic -- 1.2.1.2 Hypertonic -- 1.2.1.3 Hypotonic -- 1.2.2 Components of Sports Drinks -- 1.2.2.1 Carbohydrate -- 1.2.2.2 Electrolytes -- 1.2.2.3 Other Ingredients -- 1.2.3 Energy Drinks -- 1.2.4 Components of Energy Drinks -- 1.2.4.1 Caffeine -- 1.2.4.2 Glucuronolactone -- 1.2.4.3 Amino Acids -- Taurine -- Beta-Alanine -- Branched Chain Amino Acids -- l -Carnitine -- Creatine -- Glutamine -- 1.2.4.4 B Vitamins -- 1.2.4.5 Herbal Products -- Guarana -- Ginseng -- Ginkgo Biloba -- 1.2.4.6 Antioxidants -- 1.3 Applicability and Effects of Sports and Energy Drinks -- 1.3.1 Hydration and the Importance of Sports Drinks -- 1.3.2 Hyponatremia and Sports Drinks -- 1.3.3 Heat Exhaustion and the Use of Sports Drinks -- 1.3.4 Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps and the Importance of Sports Drinks -- 1.3.5 Fatigue, Exhaustion, and the Importance of Sports Drinks -- 1.3.6 Ergogenic Effects of Sports and Energy Drinks -- 1.4 Effectiveness and Adverse Effects of Sports and Energy Drinks -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2: What Is the Cost of Soft Energy Drinks to Our Health and Economy? -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Different Types of Soft Drinks -- 2.3 Consumption of Soft Drinks -- 2.4 Effect of Soft Drinks on General Health -- 2.4.1 Soft Drinks and Obesity -- 2.4.2 Soft Drinks and Type 2 Diabetes -- 2.4.3 Soft Drinks Related to Reduce Bone Density and Bone Loss -- 2.4.4 Other Related Health Problems Associated With Soft Drinks Consumption -- 2.5 Effect of Soft Drinks on Dental Health -- 2.5.1 Soft Drinks and Dental Caries.

2.5.2 Soft Drinks and Dental Erosion -- 2.6 Diet Soft Drinks -- 2.6.1 Diet Soft Drinks and Dental Erosion -- 2.6.2 Artificial Sweeteners in Soft Drinks and General Health -- 2.7 Cost of Advertising Soft Drinks -- 2.8 Modification to Soft Drinks Industry -- 2.9 Actions Taken to Reduce Their Consumption -- 2.10 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- 3: Pharmacological Aspects and Health Impact of Sports and Energy Drinks -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Neurotransmitters and Related Compounds -- 3.2.1 Phenylethylamine Derivatives -- 3.2.2 Choline -- 3.3 Amino Acids, Peptides, Proteins -- 3.3.1 Amino Acids -- 3.3.2 Taurine -- 3.3.3 Betaine -- 3.3.4 β-Alanine -- 3.3.5 l-Alanine -- 3.3.6 l-Carnitine and l-Carnitine l-Tartrate -- 3.3.7 Branched-Chain Amino Acids -- 3.3.8 l-Glutamine -- 3.3.9 l-Citrulline and l-Arginine -- 3.3.10 l-Histidine -- 3.3.11 Creatine -- 3.3.12 l-Tyrosine -- 3.3.13 N-Acetyl-l-Tyrosine -- 3.3.14 l-Phenylalanine -- 3.3.15 5-Hydroxy-l-Tryptophan -- 3.4 Peptides -- 3.5 Proteins -- 3.6 Carbohydrates -- 3.7 Sweetners -- 3.7.1 Aspartame -- 3.7.2 Acesulfame-Potassium -- 3.7.3 Sucralose -- 3.8 Alkaloids -- 3.8.1 Caffeine -- 3.8.2 Theacrine -- 3.8.3 Vinpocetine -- 3.9 Vitamins -- 3.9.1 Vitamin B1 -- 3.9.2 Sulbutiamine -- 3.9.3 Vitamin B2 -- 3.9.4 Vitamin B3 -- 3.9.5 Vitamin B5 -- 3.9.6 Vitamin B6 -- 3.9.7 Vitamin B7 -- 3.9.8 Vitamin B9 -- 3.9.9 Vitamin B12 -- 3.9.10 Vitamin C -- 3.9.11 Vitamin D -- 3.10 Herbal Extracts -- 3.11 Other Organic Compounds -- 3.12 Electrolytes -- 3.12.1 Sodium -- 3.12.2 Potassium -- 3.12.3 Magnesium -- 3.12.4 Calcium -- 3.12.5 Zinc -- 3.12.6 Copper -- 3.12.7 Molybdenum -- 3.12.8 Chromium -- 3.12.9 Selenium -- 3.13 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Factors Influencing the Optimal Choice of Sports Beverages -- 4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Fluid Needs During Endurance Exercise -- 4.2.1 Effects of Allowing Significant Fluid Depletion -- 4.2.2 Assessing the Extent of Fluid Depletion -- 4.2.3 Critical Decrease in Body Mass -- 4.3 Need to Add Mineral Ions to Sports Drinks -- 4.3.1 Theoretical Arguments -- 4.3.2 Empirical Data -- 4.3.3 Consensus Recommendation -- 4.4 Need to Add Carbohydrates to Sports Drinks -- 4.4.1 Theoretical Arguments -- 4.4.2 Empirical Data -- 4.4.3 Optimal Choice of Carbohydrate -- 4.5 Maximizing the Rate of Gastric Emptying -- 4.5.1 Theoretical Arguments -- 4.5.2 Methods of Expressing Gastric-Emptying Rates -- 4.5.3 Measurement Techniques -- 4.5.4 Factors Modifying Gastric-Emptying Rate -- 4.5.4.1 Exercise -- 4.5.4.2 Carbohydrate Content of Fluid -- 4.5.4.3 Fat Content of Fluid -- 4.5.4.4 Duodenal Feedback -- 4.5.4.5 Fluid Temperature -- 4.5.4.6 Environmental Temperature -- 4.5.4.7 Dehydration -- 4.5.4.8 Psychological Factors -- 4.6 Maximizing Rates of Duodenal Absorption -- 4.6.1 Theoretical Issues -- 4.6.2 Methods of Assessment -- 4.6.3 Rate of Intestinal Water Absorption -- 4.6.4 Rate of Intestinal Carbohydrate Absorption -- 4.6.5 Factors Modifying Intestinal Absorption -- 4.6.5.1 Exercise -- 4.6.5.2 Sodium Ions -- 4.6.5.3 Amino Acids -- 4.7 Minimizing Abdominal Discomfort -- 4.8 Sports Drinks and the Risk of Hyponatremia -- 4.8.1 Types of Hyponatremia -- 4.8.2 Reported Prevalence of Hyponatremia -- 4.8.3 Factors Increasing Risk -- 4.8.4 Preventive Measures -- 4.9 Recommended Volumes and Composition of Sports Drinks -- 4.9.1 Water -- 4.9.1.1 Preloading -- 4.9.1.2 Intake During an Event -- 4.9.1.3 Fluid Intake After an Event -- 4.9.2 Sodium -- 4.9.3 Potassium and Magnesium -- 4.9.4 Carbohydrates -- 4.9.5 Amino Acids -- 4.9.6 Flavoring -- 4.10 Areas for Future Research -- 4.11 Conclusions -- References.

5: Whey Protein-Based Functional Energy Drinks Formulation and Characterization -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Whey Importance -- 5.3 Whey Components -- 5.3.1 β-Lactoglobulin -- 5.3.2 α-Lactalbumin -- 5.3.3 Lactoferrin -- 5.3.4 Lactoperoxidase -- 5.3.5 Bovine Serum Albumin -- 5.4 Whey Protein as Functional Foods and Drinks -- 5.5 Whey Protein and Probiotics -- 5.6 Whey Protein Concentrate and Lactobacillus -- 5.7 WPCs and Caseinomacropeptide -- 5.8 Health Benefits of Whey Protein -- 5.9 IBD or Inflammatory Bowel Disease -- 5.10 Chronic Stress -- 5.11 Whey in Cancer -- 5.12 Obesity -- 5.13 Osteoporosis -- 5.14 Challenges in Whey-Based Foods and Drinks -- References -- 6: The Impact of Sports and Energy Drinks in Performance -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sports and Energy Drinks -- 6.2.1 Types and Potential Ergogenic Nutrients -- 6.2.1.1 Carbohydrates -- 6.2.1.2 Electrolytes -- 6.2.1.3 Protein or Amino Acids -- 6.2.1.4 Caffeine -- 6.2.1.5 Vitamins and Electrolytes -- 6.2.1.6 Other Potential Ergogenic Nutrients -- 6.2.2 Metabolism and Circadian Rhythm -- 6.2.3 Consumption Patterns and Recommendations -- 6.2.3.1 Taste and Temperature -- 6.2.4 Influences and Reasons for Use -- 6.2.5 Impact on Cognitive Performance -- 6.2.6 Dose Response on Exercise Performance -- 6.2.6.1 Anaerobic Exercise -- 6.2.6.2 Endurance Exercise -- 6.2.6.3 Caffeine and Doping -- 6.2.7 Association With Health-Related Behaviors -- 6.3 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further Reading -- 7: Chemical and Physical Modification of Carbonated Energy Beverages to Reduce the Damage Over Teeth and Restorative Mater ... -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Nonalcoholic Carbonated Beverages -- 7.2.1 Concept -- 7.2.2 Physicochemical Characterization -- 7.2.3 Mechanism of Action -- 7.2.4 Prevalence of Carbonated Drinks Consumption -- 7.3 Dental Erosion.

7.3.1 Concept -- 7.3.2 Dental Erosion Etiology and Prevalence -- 7.3.3 Preventive Measures -- 7.4 Dental Caries -- 7.4.1 Concept -- 7.4.2 Dental Caries Etiology and Prevalence -- 7.4.3 Preventive Measures -- 7.5 Surface Wear of Restorative Materials -- 7.5.1 Composite Resins, Resin-Modified Glass-Ionomer Cements, and Glass-Ionomer Cements -- 7.5.2 Microleakage -- 7.5.3 Follow-up of Restorations -- 7.6 Chemical and Physical Modification of Carbonated Beverages to Reduce Adverse Effects on Mineral Integrity of Toot ... -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Role of Phenols in Energy and Functional Beverages -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Insight in Commercial Functional Beverages and Their Phenol Sources -- 8.2.1 Functional Water -- 8.2.2 Dairy-Based Functional Beverages -- 8.2.3 RTD Teas -- 8.2.4 Energy and Sport Beverages -- 8.2.5 Fruit and Vegetable Functional Drinks -- 8.3 Phenols and Their Health Benefits -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Functional Beverages in Health Promotion, Sport, and Disease Prevention: An Overview -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Generalities About Functional Beverages (Definition, Regulatory Framework, and Market) -- 9.3 Probiotics as Functional Foods (Commercially Used Microorganisms, Selection, and Doses of Probiotics) -- 9.4 State of Art about Natural and Commercial Functional Beverage -- 9.4.1 Natural Fermented Milks -- 9.4.1.1 Koumiss-Kumiss -- 9.4.1.2 Kefir -- 9.4.1.3 Yogurt Beverages -- 9.4.1.4 Acidophilus Milk -- 9.4.1.5 Bifidus Milk -- 9.4.1.6 Acidophilus-Bifidus Milk -- 9.4.1.7 Whey-Based Cultured Dairy Products -- 9.4.1.8 Other Products Naturally Fermented Milks -- 9.4.1.9 Health Benefits of Dairy Probiotic Beverages -- 9.4.2 Nondairy Fermented Beverages -- 9.4.2.1 Cereal-Based Beverages -- 9.4.2.2 Boza -- 9.4.2.3 Bushera -- 9.4.2.4 Togwa -- 9.4.2.5 Mahewu (Amahewu).

9.4.2.6 Pozol.