Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Electroporation in Biological Cell and Tissue: An Overview -- 1 Basics and Mechanisms -- 2 Influential Parameters -- 2.1 Parameters of Electric Field -- 2.1.1 Introduction of Small Molecules -- 2.1.2 Introduction of Macromolecules -- 2.1.3 Electrofusion -- 2.1.4 Irreversible Electroporation -- 2.2 Electroporation Medium Composition -- 2.3 Osmotic Pressure -- 3 From Single-Cell to Tissue -- 4 Electrodes/Shaping the Electric Field -- 5 Different Applications -- 5.1 Use in Medicine -- 5.2 Water Sterilization and Food Preservation -- 5.3 Electroporation of Bacteria and Yeast -- 5.4 Plant Protoplast Electroporation -- 5.5 Transfection of Intact Plant Tissue -- 6 Understanding Electroporation of Different Cell Types -- 6.1 Influence of Cell Membrane Fluidity -- 6.2 Influence of Cell Cytoskeleton -- 6.3 Influence of Cell Wall in Bacteria, Yeast, and Plants -- 7 Conclusions -- Pulsed-Electric-Fields-Induced Effects in Plant Tissues: Fundamental Aspects and Perspectives of Applications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electric Field Effects in Plant Tissues -- 2.1 Origin of Electropermeabilization -- 2.1.1 Transmembrane Potential -- 2.1.2 Stability of Membranes and Cells -- 2.2 Electrically Induced Damage in the Cellular Tissues -- 2.2.1 Estimation of the Damage Degree -- 2.2.2 Evolution of Damage and Transient Effects -- 2.3 Optimal Energy Consumption -- 2.4 Synergetics of PEF and Thermal Treatments -- 2.5 Electroporation during Ohmic Heating -- 2.6 Damage as a Function of Pulse Protocol -- 2.6.1 Electric Field Strength and Total Treatment Time -- 2.6.2 Waveforms -- 2.6.3 Intervals Between Pulses -- 2.6.4 Pulse Duration -- 3 PEF-Enhanced Expression, Diffusion, and Drying -- 3.1 Solid--Liquid Expression from Food Plants -- 3.1.1 Example of a Laboratory Device for the Combined Pressing and PEF-Treatment.

3.1.2 Kinetics of Solid--Liquid Expression and Quality of Juices -- 3.2 Aqueous Extraction of Solutes from Food Plants -- 3.2.1 Diffusion Kinetics and Qualitative Characteristics of Extracts -- 3.3 Osmotic Dehydration with PEF -- 3.4 Drying of Food Plants -- 3.4.1 Drying Kinetics and Moisture Diffusion Affected by PEF Cell Disintegration -- 3.4.2 Temperature Evolution -- Moderate Electrothermal Treatments of Cellular Tissues -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nonthermal Effects of Electric Fields on Cells with Intact Membranes -- 3 Food Engineering Applications of MEF Processes -- 3.1 Drying Rate -- 3.2 Extraction -- 3.3 Fermentation -- 4 Conclusion -- DC Electrical Field Effects on Plant Tissues and Gels -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrical Apparatus and Measurement Systems -- 3 Electrification of Gels -- 3.1 Induction of Phase Transition in Gels by Electrical Fields -- 3.2 Types of Electrified Networks -- 3.3 Electrification of Alginate Gels -- 3.3.1 Influence of Alginate Gel Composition on Weight Loss During Electrification -- 3.3.2 Effect of Electrical Treatment on Mechanical Properties -- 3.3.3 Structural Changes -- 3.4 Electrification of Different Gel Types (Alginate, Agar, Agarose, Gellan) and Possible Underlying Mechanisms -- 3.5 Conclusions -- 4 Electrification of Plant Tissues -- 4.1 Resemblance between Gels and Plant Tissues -- 4.2 Expression Processes in the Food Industry and Betanin Extraction -- 4.3 Electrification of Fruit/Vegetable Pieces -- 4.4 Inhibition of Potato Browning by Electrical Field -- 4.5 Gel-Plant "Sandwiches" -- 4.6 Influences of Electrification on Intact Plant Tissues -- 4.7 Mechanism Involved in Electrifying Plant Tissues -- 5 Advantages and Future Prospects of Low Current/Low Voltage DC Electrification -- Electro-Osmotic Dewatering (EOD) of Bio-Materials -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Backgrounds.

2.1 Recent Theoretical Developments -- 2.2 Principles for High Performance EOD -- 2.3 Characteristics of Materials Suitable for EOD -- 3 Applications of Electric Field for High-Performance EOD -- 3.1 Electric Field Application with Electrode Polarity Reversals -- 3.2 Interrupted or Intermittent Electric Field Application -- 3.3 Electric Field Generated by Combination of Constant Current and Constant Voltage Conditions -- 3.4 Electrode Arrangements and Configurations -- 4 EOD of Bio-Materials -- 4.1 Sewage/Activated Sludge and Biomass Sludge -- 4.2 Food Processing Products and Wastes -- 4.3 Miscellaneous Topics -- 5 Closing Remarks -- Electrofiltration of Biomaterials -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dewatering of Biomaterials by Press Electrofiltration -- 2.1 Force Balance -- 2.2 Filtration -- 2.3 Press Electrofiltration Versus Thermal Evaporation -- 2.4 Press Electrofiltration Versus Cross-Flow Filtration -- 3 Fractionation -- 3.1 Fractionation of Bacteria and Extracellular Enzyme Product -- 3.2 Fractionation of Highly Viscous Polysaccaride and Protein -- 3.3 Fractionation of Proteins -- 3.4 Outlook for the Fractionation with Electrofiltration -- 4 General Guidelines -- 5 Nomenclature -- Food Industry Applications for Pulsed Electric Fields -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Approach -- 3 Preservation of Foods by Pulsed Electric Fields -- 3.1 Juice -- 3.2 Milk -- 4 Improvement of Mass Transfer Process in Plant Material -- 4.1 PEF-Assisted Cell Expression and Extraction -- 4.1.1 Fruit Juice Extraction and Expression -- 4.1.2 Plant Oil Extraction -- 4.1.3 Extraction of Intracellular Compounds -- 4.2 Drying Enhancement -- 5 Softening of Plant Tissue -- 6 Stress -- 7 Meat Treatment -- 8 Wastewater Treatment -- 9 Energy Requirements and Cost-Effectiveness -- 10 Future Aspects.

Application of High-Voltage Electrical Discharges for the Aqueous Extraction from Oilseeds and Other Plants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 High-Voltage Electrical Discharges -- 2.1 Steps of Creation -- 2.2 Condition of Apparition -- 2.3 Material and Energy -- 2.4 Interest in HVED for Various Applications -- 3 Extraction Enhanced by HVED -- 3.1 Quality of Extracted Products -- 3.2 Extraction of Soluble Molecules -- 3.3 Oil Extraction -- 4 Conclusion -- Industrial-Scale Treatment of Biological Tissues with Pulsed Electric Fields -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pulse Generators for Industrial Applications -- 2.1 Generator Configurations -- 2.2 Spark Gap Switches -- 2.3 Synchronization -- 2.4 Burn-Up Control Scheme -- 2.5 Screening of the Degree of Electroporation -- 3 Emerging Industrial Applications -- 3.1 Treatment of Sugar Beets -- 3.2 Treatment of Grapes -- 3.3 Conditioning of Green Biomass by Electroporation Assisted Dewatering -- Index.