Front Cover -- Producing Safe Eggs -- Producing Safe Eggs: Microbial Ecology of Salmonella -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- About the Editors -- Preface -- REFERENCES -- 1 - Salmonella in Egg Production Systems:International Prevalence, Issues,and Challenges -- 1 - Of Mice and Hens-Tackling Salmonella in Table Egg Production in the United Kingdom and Europe -- 1. SALMONELLA CONTROL IN TABLE EGG PRODUCTION IN EUROPE -- 2. INFECTION DYNAMICS AND RISK FACTORS FOR ACQUISITION/PERSISTENCE OF SALMONELLA IN LAYING HEN FARMS -- 3. FOCAL POINTS OF CONTROL FOR SALMONELLA IN LAYING HEN FARMS -- 3.1 RODENT CONTROL -- 3.2 CLEANING AND DISINFECTION -- 3.3 VACCINATION OF FLOCKS -- 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Microbiology of Shell Egg Production in the United States -- 1. INTRODUCTION: SALMONELLA AND EGGS: A PUBLIC HEALTH AND ECONOMIC PROBLEM -- 2. SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS AND LAYING HENS: INFECTION AND EGG CONTAMINATION -- 2.1 INTESTINAL COLONIZATION AND FECAL SHEDDING -- 2.2 INTERNAL ORGAN COLONIZATION -- 2.3 EGG CONTAMINATION -- 3. INFECTION OF LAYING HENS AND EGG CONTAMINATION BY DIFFERENT SALMONELLA STRAINS AND SEROTYPES -- 3.1 PATHOBIOLOGY OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS STRAINS AND PHAGE TYPES -- 3.2 SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS AND OTHER SALMONELLA SEROTYPES -- 4. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON SALMONELLA INFECTIONS IN EGG-LAYING FLOCKS -- 5. EGG PRODUCTION HOUSING SYSTEMS AND SALMONELLA -- 5.1 HOUSING SYSTEMS FOR EGG-LAYING HENS -- 5.2 HOUSING INFLUENCES ON SALMONELLA IN LAYING FLOCKS -- 5.3 POTENTIAL MECHANISMS FOR HOUSING EFFECTS -- 6. CONTROLLING SALMONELLA INFECTION AND EGG CONTAMINATION IN LAYING FLOCKS -- 6.1 SALMONELLA RISK REDUCTION IN LAYING FLOCKS -- 6.2 VACCINATION -- 6.3 GENERAL TESTING CONSIDERATIONS -- 6.4 ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING -- 6.5 TESTING FOR SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES -- 6.6 EGG TESTING -- 6.7 EGG REFRIGERATION.

6.8 US FEDERAL EGG SAFETY PROGRAM -- 7. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Egg Production Systems and Salmonella in Korea -- 1. EGG PRODUCTION INDUSTRY: OVERVIEW -- 2. SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION OF EGG-LAYING FLOCKS -- 3. EGG PRODUCTION SYSTEMS: HACCP AND EGG GRADING SYSTEM IN KOREA -- 4. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SALMONELLA IN KOREA -- 5. EGGS AND SALMONELLA -- 6. THE FUTURE OF THE EGG-PRODUCING POULTRY INDUSTRY IN KOREA -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Egg Production Systems and Salmonella in Canada -- 1. EGG PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN CANADA -- 1.1 SALMONELLA IN THE CANADIAN FOOD SUPPLY -- 2. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES -- 3. CONTROL OF SALMONELLA IN THE CANADIAN EGG SUPPLY -- 4. NATIONAL SALMONELLA CONTROL PROGRAM-START CLEAN-STAY CLEAN -- 5. EGG GRADING STATIONS -- 6. OTHER SOURCES OF TABLE EGGS-SURPLUS BROILER HATCHING EGGS -- 7. OTHER SOURCES OF TABLE EGGS-UNREGULATED FLOCKS -- 8. IS THE SYSTEM WORKING? -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Egg Production Systems and Salmonella in Australia -- 1. EGG PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA -- 2. SALMONELLA OUTBREAKS ASSOCIATED WITH EGGS -- 3. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SALMONELLA ON AUSTRALIAN COMMERCIAL EGG FARMS -- 4. PREVALENCE AND EGGSHELL PENETRATION BY SALMONELLA -- 5. HUMAN FACTOR IN SALMONELLA VIRULENCE FACTORS -- 6. CURRENT ON-FARM CONTROL MEASURES WITH FOCUS ON EGG WASHING -- 7. SALMONELLA CONTROL MEASURES AND LIMITATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Egg Production Systems and Salmonella in South America -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ARGENTINA -- 3. BOLIVIA -- 4. BRAZIL -- 5. CHILE -- 6. COLOMBIA -- 7. ECUADOR -- 8. PARAGUAY -- 9. PERU -- 10. GUYANA AND SURINAME -- 11. URUGUAY -- 12. VENEZUELA -- 13. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Salmonella Contamination in Layer Flocks: Pathogenesis, Dissemination, and Current Control Strategies -- 7 - Overview of Salmonellosis and Food-borne Salmonella: Historical and Current Perspectives -- 1. INTRODUCTION.

2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SALMONELLOSIS -- 2.1 ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SALMONELLA -- 2.2 SALMONELLA BACTERIOPHAGE AND FURTHER CLASSIFICATION -- 2.3 SALMONELLA AND SALMONELLOSIS -- 2.4 CURRENT EPIDEMIOLOGY ISSUES -- 3. POULTRY- AND POULTRY PRODUCTS-ASSOCIATED SALMONELLA -- 3.1 POULTRY PRODUCT MARKET TRENDS -- 3.2 SALMONELLA SEROVARS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH POULTRY AND ITS PRODUCTS -- 3.3 SALMONELLA ASSOCIATION WITH LAYER HENS AND EGGS -- 4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8 - Salmonella in Preharvest Chickens: Current Understanding and Approaches to Control -- 1. INTRODUCTION: GENERAL SALMONELLA INFECTION BIOLOGY -- 2. BIOLOGY OF LAYER INFECTIONS -- 2.1 INVASIVENESS AND SYSTEMIC INFECTION -- 2.2 INTESTINAL COLONIZATION -- 2.3 IMMUNITY -- 3. APPROACHES TO CONTROL -- 3.1 VACCINES -- 3.2 ANTIBIOTICS AND COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION -- 3.2.1 Therapeutic and Prophylactic Use -- 3.2.2 Growth Promoting Use -- 3.2.3 Competitive Exclusion -- 3.3 LEGISLATION -- 3.4 GENETIC RESISTANCE -- 4. CONCLUSION AND SYNTHESIS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - Developments in Detection Strategies for Salmonella Enteritidis in Layer Hen Flocks -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GENERAL DETECTION STRATEGIES -- 2.1 SEROLOGICAL TESTING -- 2.2 BIRD TESTING -- 2.3 EGG TESTING -- 2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING -- 3. SAMPLE TYPES AND SAMPLE COLLECTION -- 3.1 BREEDER HOUSES -- 3.2 HATCHERY -- 3.3 LAYER HOUSE -- 3.4 SAMPLING PROGRAMS -- 3.4.1 NPIP (NPIP, 2014a,b) -- 3.4.2 FDA Egg Safety Rule (FDA, 2009) -- 3.4.3 EU Baseline Prevalence Survey -- 3.4.4 National Control Programs -- 4. CULTURE METHODS -- 4.1 ENRICHMENT -- 4.1.1 Pre-enrichment -- 4.1.2 Selective Enrichment -- 4.1.2.1 Selenite Enrichment -- 4.1.2.2 Tetrathionate Enrichment -- 4.1.2.3 Rappaport-Vassiliadis Enrichment -- 4.1.2.4 Modified Semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis Enrichment -- 4.2 INCUBATION TEMPERATURE AND TIME.

4.3 PLATING MEDIA -- 4.4 SCREENING SUSPECT COLONIES -- 4.5 ISOLATION PROTOCOLS -- 4.6 CONFIRMATION -- 4.6.1 Biochemical Identification -- 4.6.2 Serological Typing -- 5. RAPID DETECTION METHODS -- 5.1 ANTISERA BASED -- 5.2 DNA BASED -- 5.2.1 PCR: Generic Salmonella -- 5.2.2 PCR: Serotype Specific -- 5.2.3 PCR: Multiplex PCR -- 5.2.4 Isothermal Amplification -- 6. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Genetic Basis of Salmonella Enteritidis Pathogenesis in Chickens -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. INFECTION KINETICS OF SE IN CHICKENS -- 2.1 GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT COLONIZATION AND SYSTEMIC SPREAD -- 2.2 REPRODUCTIVE TRACT COLONIZATION IN LAYING HENS -- 2.3 COLONIZATION AND SURVIVAL IN THE INTERNAL CONTENTS OF EGGS -- 3. GENETIC BASIS OF SE PATHOGENESIS -- 3.1 GENETIC BASIS OF GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTION IN CHICKENS -- 3.1.1 Knowledge Gaps and Challenges -- 3.2 GENETIC BASIS OF REPRODUCTIVE TRACT PATHOGENESIS -- 3.2.1 Knowledge Gaps and Challenges -- 3.3 GENETIC BASIS OF EGG COLONIZATION AND SURVIVAL -- REFERENCES -- 11 - The Relationship Between the Immune Response and Susceptibility to Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Infection in the Laying Hen -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. OVERVIEW OF THE AVIAN IMMUNE SYSTEM -- 2.1 INNATE IMMUNITY -- 2.2 ACQUIRED IMMUNITY -- 3. IMMUNITY IN THE HEN REPRODUCTIVE TRACT -- 3.1 INNATE IMMUNITY -- 3.2 ACQUIRED IMMUNITY -- 4. IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE LAYING HEN REPRODUCTIVE TRACT TO SALMONELLA INFECTION -- 5. HOST AND BACTERIAL FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ASYMPTOMATIC S. ENTERITIDIS COLONIZATION OF REPRODUCTIVE TRACT -- 6. BACTERIAL FACTORS -- 6.1 SALMONELLA-MACROPHAGE INTERACTIONS: EVASION OF PHAGOCYTE DEFENSE MECHANISMS -- 6.2 MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION: A SALMONELLA METABOLIC SURVIVAL NICHE AND IMMUNE ESCAPE MECHANISM? -- 6.3 SALMONELLA EVASION OF HOST DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT.

6.3.1 Subversion of Antimicrobial Peptides -- 6.3.2 Modification of PAMPs/Evasion of PRRs/Subvert PRR Signaling -- 6.3.3 Targeting Host Signaling Cascades -- 6.3.4 Target NF-κB -- 6.3.5 Target MAPK -- 7. HOST FACTORS -- 7.1 RESISTANCE VERSUS TOLERANCE -- 8. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTION -- REFERENCES -- 12 - Salmonella Heidelberg in Layer Hens and Egg Production: Incidence and Potential Issues -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EMERGENCE OF SALMONELLA HEIDELBERG AS A FOOD-BORNE PATHOGEN -- 3. EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EGG-ASSOCIATED SALMONELLA OUTBREAKS -- 4. ECOLOGY OF SALMONELLA HEIDELBERG COLONIZATION AND INVASION IN POULTRY -- 5. VIRULENCE AND PATHOGENESIS OF SALMONELLA HEIDELBERG -- 6. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN SALMONELLA HEIDELBERG -- 7. ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND DETECTION -- 8. FUTURE ISSUES-EVOLUTION OF SALMONELLA HEIDELBERG -- 9. CONCLUSIONS -- DISCLAIMER -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Development of Specific Interventions for Salmonella in Laying Hens and Table Eggs: Present and Future Prospects -- 13 - Preharvest Measures to Improve the Safety of Eggs -- 1. INTRODUCTION: SALMONELLA AND EGGS -- 2. BIOSECURITY MEASURES -- 3. GASTROINTESTINAL COLONIZATION CONTROL -- 3.1 ORGANIC ACIDS AS FEED OR DRINKING WATER ADDITIVES TO CONTROL SALMONELLA IN POULTRY -- 3.2 PREBIOTICS -- 3.3 PROBIOTICS AND COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRODUCTS -- 4. VACCINATION -- 4.1 KILLED SALMONELLA VACCINES -- 4.2 LIVE SALMONELLA VACCINES -- 4.3 SUBUNIT VACCINES -- 5. ALTERNATIVE PREHARVEST STRATEGIES TO CONTROL SALMONELLA IN POULTRY -- 5.1 BACTERIOPHAGES -- 5.2 BREEDING -- 6. FUTURE TRENDS-ZERO SALMONELLA PREVALENCE CONCEPT? -- REFERENCES -- 14 - Current and Future Perspectives on Development of Salmonella Vaccine Technologies -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHALLENGES TO SALMONELLA CONTROL -- 3. SALMONELLA CONTROL -- 4. VACCINATION TO REDUCE SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS INFECTION IN LAYERS.

5. LIVE ATTENUATED SALMONELLA VACCINES.