Preface | p. xi |
Done Is Good | p. xiv |
Structure and Pedagogy | p. xvi |
Notes and Commentary | p. xix |
Acknowledgments | p. xxi |
Bioethics Questions Posed in Text | p. xxiii |
Prologue: Bioethics - Discovery through Design |
A Different Approach to Bioethics | p. 3 |
Arguments for and Against Case Analysis | p. 4 |
Driver's Education Analogy | p. 5 |
Example Case: Priming the Pump | p. 6 |
Case Analysis | p. 7 |
Notes and Commentary | p. 8 |
Chapter 1 Bioethics: A Creative Approach |
Thought Experiments | p. 10 |
Teachable Moment: Trust | p. 12 |
The Principle of Double Effect | p. 12 |
Teachable Moment: The Engineer as Agent versus Judge | p. 12 |
Amy the Engineer | p. 15 |
Teachable Moment: Who Was Van Rensselaer Potter? | p. 18 |
Credat Emptor | p. 18 |
Teachable Moment: Capital Punishment, Abortion, and the Definition of Human Life | p. 20 |
The Good Engineer | p. 21 |
Feedback and Enhancement of Design | p. 22 |
Teachable Moment: The Good Engineer | p. 24 |
The Profession of Engineering | p. 25 |
Engineering Bioethics and Morality | p. 26 |
Discussion Box: Ethics and the Butterfly Effect | p. 27 |
"Small" Error and Devastating Outcomes | p. 28 |
Technology, Engineering, and Economics | p. 28 |
Teachable Moment: The Dismal Scientist versus the Technological Optimist | p. 31 |
Engineering Competence | p. 39 |
Engineering: Both Integrated and specialized | p. 39 |
Who Is a Professional? | p. 40 |
What Is Technical? | p. 41 |
Systematics: Incorporating Ethics into the Design Process | p. 42 |
Notes and Commentary | p. 43 |
Chapter 2 Bioethics and the Engineer |
Major Bioethical Areas | p. 51 |
Cloning and Stem Cell Research | p. 52 |
Teachable Moment: Nanog | p. 56 |
Human Enhancement | p. 57 |
Patenting Life | p. 57 |
Teachable Moment: Patenting Germplasm | p. 58 |
Neuroethics | p. 59 |
Organ Transplantation | p. 60 |
Responsible Conduct of Human Research | p. 60 |
Animal Testing | p. 61 |
Is the Research Worth It? | p. 63 |
Systematic Reality Check | p. 66 |
Genetically Modified Organisms | p. 67 |
Transgenic Species | p. 68 |
Food | p. 68 |
Environmental Health: The Ethics of Scale and the Scale of Ethics | p. 70 |
Temporal Aspects of Bioethical Decisions: Environmental Case Studies | p. 70 |
Agent Orange | p. 71 |
Japanese Metal Industries | p. 74 |
Minamata Mercury Case | p. 74 |
Cadmium and Itai Itai Disease | p. 75 |
Scale Is More than Size | p. 77 |
Love Canal | p. 78 |
Times Beach | p. 79 |
Teachable Moment: The Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts | p. 80 |
Active Engineering | p. 81 |
Ethical Theories: A Primer | p. 83 |
Truth | p. 84 |
Psychological Aspects of Ethics | p. 86 |
Teachable Moment: The Physiome Project: The Macroethics of Engineering toward Health | p. 89 |
Fairness | p. 94 |
Value as a Bioethical and Engineering Concept | p. 95 |
Technical Optimism versus Dismal Science | p. 96 |
Notes and Commentary | p. 98 |
Chapter 3 An Engineered Future: Human Enhancement |
Professional Zeitgeist: How Engineers Think | p. 106 |
Improvement versus Enhancement | p. 109 |
Engineering Intuition | p. 111 |
Engineers versus Economists | p. 112 |
Intuiting Value | p. 113 |
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning: Precursors to Intuition | p. 114 |
Creativity | p. 116 |
Moral Coherence | p. 120 |
Creativity and Bioethics | p. 122 |
The Ethical Quandary of Enhancement | p. 124 |
Scientific Dissent | p. 126 |
Notes and Commentary | p. 134 |
Chapter 4 The Bioethical Engineer |
Professional Trust | p. 139 |
Codes of Ethics: Words to Live By | p. 142 |
Discussion Box: The Code of Hammurabi | p. 143 |
Limitations of Codes of Ethics | p. 147 |
Risk Shifting: Organochlorine Pesticides | p. 147 |
Right of Professional Conscience | p. 152 |
Groupthink and the Right of Conscience | p. 156 |
Animals and Engineers | p. 158 |
Teachable Moment: Confined Animal Feeding Operations and the Moral Standing of Animals | p. 159 |
Making Ethical Decisions in Engineering | p. 160 |
Discussion Box: Four Persons Who Changed the Way We Think about Nature | p. 162 |
John Muir | p. 162 |
Rachel Carson | p. 162 |
Christopher Stone | p. 163 |
Gaylord Nelson | p. 164 |
Notes and Commentary | p. 164 |
Chapter 5 Bioethical Research and Technological Development |
Beyond Regulation | p. 169 |
Integrity | p. 169 |
Teachable Moment: The Therapeutic Misconception | p. 173 |
The Experiment | p. 173 |
The Hypothetico-Deductive Method | p. 174 |
Research Conflict of Interest | p. 175 |
Teachable Moment: Truth and Turtles | p. 176 |
Professionalism | p. 178 |
Technology: Friend and Foe | p. 178 |
Teachable Moment: Medical Device Risk | p. 179 |
Risk Homeostasis and the Theory of Offsetting Behavior | p. 180 |
Artifacts | p. 182 |
Automation and Mechanization of Medicine | p. 183 |
Professional Consideration: Do Engineers Have Patients? | p. 184 |
Technological Reliability | p. 185 |
Low Tech Engineering | p. 189 |
Information Technology | p. 190 |
The Ethics of Nanotechnology | p. 193 |
Notes and Commentary | p. 195 |
Chapter 6 Bioethical Success and Failure |
Teachable Moment: Engineering Measurement | p. 201 |
Measurements of Success and Failure | p. 203 |
Technological Success and Failure | p. 203 |
Risk as a Bioethical Concept | p. 205 |
Safety, Risk, and Reliability in Design | p. 206 |
Probability: The Mathematics of Risk and Reliability | p. 206 |
Discussion Box: Choose Your Risk | p. 210 |
Reliability: An Ethics Metric | p. 214 |
Reducing Risks | p. 217 |
Risk as an Ethical Concept | p. 220 |
Risk-Based Ethics: The Syllogism Revisited | p. 223 |
Causation | p. 225 |
Biographical Box: Sir Bradford Hill | p. 226 |
Notes and Commentary | p. 228 |
Chapter 7 Analyzing Bioethical Success and Failure |
Medical Device Failure: Human Factors Engineering | p. 232 |
Teachable Moment: How to Analyse a Medical Device | p. 233 |
Utility as a Measure of Success | p. 234 |
Failure Type 1 Mistakes and Miscalculations | p. 236 |
Failure Type 2 Extraordinary Natural Circumstances | p. 236 |
Failure Type 3 Critical Path | p. 237 |
Failure Type 4 Negligence | p. 243 |
Failure Type 5 Lack of Imagination | p. 244 |
Bioterrorism: The Engineer's Response | p. 244 |
Dual Use and Primacy of Science | p. 246 |
Social Response of Engineering to Terrorism | p. 248 |
Success Paradigms | p. 248 |
Characterizing Success and Failure | p. 249 |
Accountability | p. 249 |
Value | p. 250 |
Case Analysis | p. 250 |
Notes and Commentary | p. 258 |
Chapter 8 Justice and Fairness as Biomedical and Biosystem Engineering Concepts |
Fairness and Distributive Justice | p. 263 |
Discussion Box: Harm and the Hippocratic Oath | p. 271 |
Teachable Moment: Disposal of a Slightly Hazardous Waste | p. 272 |
Solution and Discussion | p. 272 |
Though Experiment: Who Is More Ethical? | p. 274 |
Professional Virtue and Empathy | p. 277 |
Teachable Moment: Albert Schweitzer and the Reverence for Life | p. 277 |
Reason | p. 279 |
Teachable Moment: Abortion, Fairness, and Justice | p. 280 |
Utility | p. 281 |
Teachable Moment: Utility and Futility | p. 283 |
Precaution as a Bioethical Concept | p. 285 |
Discussion Box: The Tragedy of the Commons | p. 286 |
Notes and Commentary | p. 287 |
Chapter 9 Sustainable Bioethics |
Green Is Good | p. 291 |
Sustainability | p. 292 |
Teachable Moment: Rational Ethics and Thermodynamics | p. 293 |
Life Cycles and Concurrent Engineering | p. 300 |
Case Study Box: SIDS, A Concurrent Engineering Failure | p. 301 |
Discussion Box: The Coffee Cup Debate | p. 305 |
The Bioethics of Combustion | p. 307 |
Systematic Bioethics | p. 317 |
Seveso Plant Disaster | p. 318 |
Poverty and Pollution | p. 320 |
Interdependence | p. 322 |
Notes and Commentary | p. 323 |
Chapter 10 Engineering Wisdom |
Ethics and Chaos | p. 329 |
Macroethics and Microethics | p. 330 |
Future Directions | p. 331 |
The Humble Engineer | p. 338 |
Notes and Commentary | p. 340 |
Epilogue: Practical Bioethics |
Shutting Down the Pump | p. 343 |
Objectivity and Finding Truth | p. 344 |
Moral Courage | p. 346 |
Bioethics Resources for the Engineer | p. 347 |
Suggested Readings | p. 348 |
Ethics of Emerging Technologies | p. 348 |
Ethical Analysis, Reasoning, and Decision Making | p. 349 |
Macroethics and Societal Risk | p. 349 |
Teaching Engineering Macroethics | p. 351 |
Teaching Engineering Microethics | p. 353 |
Useful Websites | p. 354 |
Notes and Commentary | p. 356 |
Appendix 1 p. 357 |
Appendix 2 p. 363 |
Glossary of Terms Likely to Be Encountered in Bioethical Decision Making | p. 365 |
Name Index | p. 395 |
Subject Index | p. 397 |