1 Introduction | p. 1 |
Background | p. 1 |
The Value of Energy Management | p. 2 |
The Energy Management Profession | p. 3 |
Some Suggested Principles of Energy Management | p. 4 |
2 Effective Energy Management | p. 7 |
Introduction | p. 7 |
Energy Management Program | p. 7 |
Organizational Structure | p. 8 |
Energy Policy | p. 11 |
Planning | p. 11 |
Audit Planning | p. 12 |
Educational Planning | p. 12 |
Strategic Planning | p. 14 |
Reporting | p. 14 |
Summary | p. 15 |
References | p. 16 |
3 Energy Auditing | p. 21 |
Introduction | p. 21 |
Energy Auditing Services | p. 21 |
Basic Components of an Energy Audit | p. 21 |
Specialized Audit Tools | p. 30 |
Industrial Audits | p. 31 |
Commercial Audits | p. 34 |
Residential Audits | p. 35 |
Indoor Air Quality | p. 36 |
4 Economic Analysis | p. 37 |
Objective | p. 37 |
Introduction | p. 37 |
General Characteristics of Capital Investments | p. 38 |
Sources of Funds | p. 39 |
Tax Considerations | p. 40 |
Time Value of Money Concepts | p. 42 |
Project Measures of Worth | p. 50 |
Economic Analysis | p. 55 |
Special Problems | p. 61 |
Summary and Additional Example Applications | p. 66 |
References | p. 67 |
5 Boilers and Fired Systems | p. 85 |
Introduction | p. 85 |
Analysis of Boilers and Fired Systems | p. 85 |
Key Elements for Maximum Efficiency | p. 87 |
Fuel Considerations | p. 114 |
Direct Contact Technology for Hot Water Production | p. 121 |
6 Steam and Condensate Systems | p. 125 |
Introduction | p. 125 |
Thermal Properties of Steam | p. 126 |
Estimating Steam Usage and its Value | p. 133 |
Steam Traps and Their Application | p. 139 |
Condensate Recovery | p. 147 |
Summary | p. 154 |
7 Cogeneration | p. 155 |
Introduction | p. 155 |
Cogeneration System Design and Analysis | p. 157 |
Computer Programs | p. 172 |
U.S. Cogeneration Legislation: PURPA | p. 175 |
Evaluating Cogeneration Opportunities: Case Examples | p. 177 |
References | p. 186 |
8 Waste-Heat Recovery | p. 187 |
Introduction | p. 187 |
Waste-Heat Survey | p. 195 |
Waste-Heat Exchangers | p. 202 |
Commercial Options in Waste-Heat-Recovery Equipment | p. 205 |
Economics of Waste-Heat Recovery | p. 213 |
9 Building Envelope | p. 215 |
Introduction | p. 215 |
Principles of Envelope Analysis | p. 217 |
Metal Elements in Envelope Components | p. 219 |
Roofs | p. 224 |
Floors | p. 227 |
Fenestration | p. 229 |
Infiltration | p. 232 |
Summarizing Envelope Performance with the Building Load Coefficient | p. 234 |
Thermal "Weight" | p. 234 |
Envelope Analysis for Existing Buildings | p. 234 |
Envelope Analysis for New Buildings | p. 239 |
Updated Envelope Standards for New and Existing Construction | p. 240 |
Summary | p. 241 |
Additional Reading | p. 241 |
10 HVAC Systems | p. 243 |
Introduction | p. 243 |
Surveying Existing Conditions | p. 243 |
Human Thermal Comfort | p. 244 |
HVAC System Types | p. 245 |
Energy Conservation Opportunities | p. 255 |
Cooling Equipment | p. 265 |
Domestic Hot Water | p. 268 |
Estimating HVAC Energy Consumption | p. 268 |
11 Electric Energy Management | p. 269 |
Introduction | p. 269 |
Power Supply | p. 269 |
Effects of Unbalanced Voltages on the Performance of Motors | p. 270 |
Effect of Performance-General | p. 270 |
Motor | p. 271 |
Glossary of Frequently Occuring Motor Terms | p. 271 |
Power Factor | p. 275 |
Handy Electrical Formulas and Rules of Thumb | p. 277 |
Electric motor Operating Loads | p. 277 |
Determining Electric Motor Operating Loads | p. 278 |
Power Meter | p. 278 |
Slip Measurement | p. 280 |
Amperage Readings | p. 280 |
Electric Motor Efficiency | p. 281 |
Comparing Motors | p. 286 |
Sensitivity of Load to Motor RPM | p. 286 |
Theoretical Power Consumption | p. 287 |
Motor Efficiency Management | p. 289 |
Motors Are Like People | p. 289 |
Motor Performance Management Process | p. 289 |
How to Start MPMP | p. 290 |
Nameplate Glossary | p. 293 |
12 Energy Management Control Systems | p. 311 |
Energy Management Systems | p. 311 |
Justification of EMCSs | p. 317 |
Systems Integration | p. 322 |
EMCS Software Specifications | p. 329 |
EMCS Installation Requirements | p. 336 |
The DDC Dictionary | p. 345 |
EMCS Manufacturers Directory | p. 347 |
13 Lighting | p. 349 |
Introduction | p. 349 |
Lighting Fundamentals | p. 349 |
Lighting Energy Management Steps | p. 363 |
Maintenance | p. 365 |
New Technologies and Products | p. 366 |
Special Considerations | p. 369 |
Daylighting | p. 374 |
Common Retrofits | p. 376 |
Schematics | p. 380 |
Summary | p. 380 |
14 Energy Systems Maintenance | p. 393 |
Developing the Maintenance Program | p. 393 |
Detailed Maintenance procedures | p. 405 |
Materials Handling Maintenance | p. 414 |
Truck Operation and Maintenance | p. 415 |
Measuring Instruments | p. 418 |
Saving Energy Dollars in Materials Handling and Storage | p. 422 |
Recent Developments | p. 425 |
15 Industrial Insulation | p. 429 |
Fundamentals of Thermal Insulation Design Theory | p. 429 |
Insulation Materials | p. 431 |
Insulation Selection | p. 434 |
Insulation Thickness Determination | p. 440 |
Insulation Economics | p. 453 |
16 Use of Alternative Energy | p. 463 |
Introduction | p. 463 |
Solar Energy | p. 463 |
Wind Energy | p. 476 |
Refuse-Derived Fuel | p. 481 |
Fuel Cells | p. 485 |
17 Indoor Air Quality | p. 489 |
Introduction and Background | p. 489 |
What is the Current Situation | p. 491 |
Solutions and Prevention of IAQ Problems | p. 491 |
18 Electric and Gas Utility Rates for Commercial and Industrial Consumers | p. 499 |
Introduction | p. 499 |
Utility Costs | p. 499 |
Rate Structures | p. 500 |
Innovative Rate Type | p. 501 |
Calculation of a Monthly Bill | p. 502 |
Conducting a Load Study | p. 505 |
Effects of Deregulation on Customer Rates | p. 508 |
19 Thermal Energy Storage | p. 523 |
Introduction | p. 523 |
Storage Systems | p. 525 |
Storage Mediums | p. 527 |
System Capacity | p. 530 |
Economic Summary | p. 536 |
Conclusions | p. 538 |
20 Codes Standards and Legislation | p. 543 |
The Energy Policy Act of 1992 | p. 543 |
State Codes | p. 544 |
Model Energy Code | p. 545 |
Federal Energy Efficiency Requirements | p. 545 |
Indoor Air Quality Standards | p. 546 |
Regulations and Standards Impacting CFCs | p. 547 |
Regulatory and Legislative Issues Impacting Air Quality | p. 548 |
Regulatory and Legislative Issues Impacting Cogeneration and Power | p. 548 |
Opportunities in the Spot Market | p. 550 |
The Climatic Change Action Plan | p. 551 |
Summary | p. 552 |
21 Natural Gas Purchasing | p. 553 |
Preface | p. 553 |
Introduction | p. 554 |
Natural Gas As A Fuel | p. 557 |
Buying Natural Gas | p. 570 |
New Frontiers for the Gas Industry | p. 581 |
22 Control Systems | p. 583 |
Introduction | p. 583 |
The Fundamental Control Loop | p. 583 |
Sensors | p. 584 |
Controllers | p. 586 |
Controlled Devices | p. 590 |
HVAC Processes | p. 592 |
Final Conditions | p. 594 |
Feedback | p. 594 |
Control Strategies | p. 595 |
Control of Air Handling Units | p. 598 |
Control of Primary Equipment | p. 601 |
Control of Distribution System | p. 603 |
Advanced Technology for Effective Facility Control | p. 604 |
FMS Features | p. 608 |
Summary | p. 613 |
23 Energy Security and Reliability | p. 615 |
Introduction | p. 615 |
Risk Analysis Methods | p. 618 |
Countermeasures | p. 625 |
Economics of Energy Security and Reliability | p. 627 |
Links to Energy Management | p. 628 |
Impact of Utility Deregulation | p. 629 |
Summary | p. 630 |
24 Utility Deregulation and Energy System Outsourcing | p. 631 |
Introduction | p. 631 |
An Historical Perspective of the Electric Power Industry | p. 631 |
The Transmission System and The Federal Regulatory Commission's (FERC) Role in Promoting Competition in Wholesale Power | p. 632 |
Stranded Costs | p. 633 |
Status of State Electric Industry Restructuring Activity | p. 633 |
The Impact of Retail Wheeling | p. 634 |
The Ten-Step Program to Successful Utility Deregulation | p. 636 |
Aggregation | p. 637 |
In-house vs. Outsourcinv Energy Services | p. 637 |
Summary | p. 641 |
25 Financing Energy Management Projects | p. 643 |
Introduction | p. 643 |
Financial Arrangements: A Simple Example | p. 643 |
Financial Arrangements: Details and Terminology | p. 646 |
Applying Financial Arrangements: A Case Study | p. 647 |
"Pros" and "Cons" of Each Financial Arrangement | p. 658 |
Characteristics That Influence Which Financial Arrangement Is Best | p. 659 |
Incorporating Strategic Issues When Selecting Financial Arrangements | p. 660 |
Chapter Summary | p. 660 |
Appendix I Thermal Sciences Review | p. 665 |
Appendix II Conversion Factors and Property Tables | p. 687 |
Appendix III Review of Electrical Science | p. 737 |
Index | p. 751 |