Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Mountainous Protected Areas & -- Nature-Based Tourism in Asia -- 1.1 Mountain Environments and Tourism -- 1.1.1 Characteristics of Mountain Environments -- 1.1.2 Impacts of Mountain Tourism -- 1.2 Protected Areas & -- Nature-Based Tourism in Asia -- 1.2.1 The Roots of Protected Areas (PAs) in Asia -- 1.2.2 IUCN Categories of PAs -- 1.2.3 Aichi Target 11: Bigger and Better PAs? -- 1.3 Nature-Based Tourism in Asian PAs -- 1.3.1 Nature-Based Tourism -- 1.3.2 Regional Tourism Trends -- 1.4 Content of This Book -- 1.4.1 Northeast Asia -- 1.4.2 Southeast Asia -- 1.4.3 South Asia -- 1.4.4 A Trans-Regional, Trans-Boundary Approach to Asian PAs -- References -- Part II Northeast Asia -- 2 Overcoming Barriers to Nature Conservation in China's Protected Area Network: From Forest Tourism to National Parks -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods -- 2.3 Forest Parks and Forest Tourism in China -- 2.3.1 The System of Forest Parks -- 2.3.2 Forest Tourism -- 2.4 Issues in Management of Forest Parks and Forest Tourism -- 2.4.1 Overlapping Management of Forest Parks -- 2.4.2 Overuse and Misuse of Forest Tourist Resources -- 2.5 From Pudacuo to Huangshan -- 2.5.1 Case Study of Pudacuo National Park, Yunnan Province -- 2.5.2 Case Study of Huangshan Scenic Area: Monitoring Climbers Inside the WHS -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Japan's National Parks: Trends in Administration and Nature-Based Tourism -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Japan's National Parks -- 3.2.1 Historical Roots Prior to World War II -- 3.2.2 A System of 'Multi-Purpose' Nature Parks -- 3.2.3 Ownership of National Park Land -- 3.2.4 Managing 'Multi-Purpose' Parks with Core and Buffer Zones -- 3.2.5 National Park Administration.

3.2.6 Human Resource Dimension of Park Administration -- 3.3 Nature-Based Tourism -- 3.3.1 Nature Based Tourism as a Lens for Viewing Visitation -- 3.3.2 Monitoring Nature Based Tourism -- 3.3.3 Domestic Demand for Nature Based Tourism -- 3.3.4 Inbound Nature Based Tourism -- 3.4 Mount Fuji in Context -- 3.4.1 The 'Most-Visited' National Park in the World? -- 3.4.2 'Worship-Ascent' of Mount Fuji: from Pilgrims to Peak-hunters -- 3.4.3 Monitoring & -- Monetizing Climbers on Mount Fuji -- 3.5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 4 South Korea's System of Mountainous Protected Areas and Nature-Based Tourism -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The South Korean System of National Parks and Protected Areas -- 4.3 Public and Private Sector Involvement in the Korean National Parks -- 4.4 The IUCN and Environmental Protection in Korea -- 4.5 Visitor Management in the ROK National Parks -- 4.5.1 Case Study: Hallasan National Park, Jeju Island -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Taiwan's National Network of Protected Areas and Nature-Based Tourism -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Taiwan's System of PAs and NPs -- 5.2.1 The National Network of PAs -- 5.2.2 Taiwan's National Parks -- 5.3 National Park Visitation and Nature-Based Tourism -- 5.4 Mountain Climbing in Taiwan -- 5.5 Case Study of Yushan -- 5.6 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Part III Southeast Asia -- 6 Indonesia's Mountainous Protected Areas: National Parks and Nature-Based Tourism -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Prologue -- 6.1.2 Indonesia's National Parks -- 6.1.3 National Parks Defined -- 6.2 Governance in Indonesia's National Parks -- 6.2.1 Land Ownership -- 6.2.2 Administration -- 6.2.3 Legislation -- 6.2.4 The Implementation of Good Governance in Protected Areas (PAs) -- 6.2.5 Zoning System -- 6.3 Challenges Faced by National Park -- 6.3.1 Tenurial Conflicts -- 6.3.2 Poaching.

6.3.3 Deforestation -- 6.3.4 From Timber to Tourism? Tangkahan Ecosystem Area (Mt. Leuser NP) -- 6.4 Nature-Based Tourism -- 6.5 Case Study of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park -- 6.5.1 Overview of Mount Bromo -- 6.5.2 NBT at Mt. Bromo -- 6.5.3 Mount Bromo PA Management -- 6.5.4 Tourism Management Challenges -- 6.6 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 7 Collaborative Management of Protected Areas in Timor-Leste: Stakeholder Participation in Community-Based Tourism in Mount Ramelau -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Natural Conditions and the System of Protected Areas -- 7.2.1 A Geographical and Historical Background of the Country -- 7.2.2 The System of National Parks and Protected Areas -- 7.3 Nature-Based Tourism in PAs -- 7.4 Stakeholder Collaboration for Tourism Management in Mount Ramelau -- 7.4.1 Geographical, Religious and Historical Context -- 7.4.2 The System of Tourist Attractions and Service Stations -- 7.4.3 Visitor Management -- 7.4.4 Stakeholders Participation in Site Management -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Protected Areas and Nature-Based Tourism in the Philippines: Paying to Climb Mount Apo Natural Park -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Legal Framework for PAs -- 8.2.1 From the Brundtland Report to Protected Areas -- 8.2.2 The NIPAS Act (1992) and IUCN -- 8.2.3 The IPRA Act (1997) -- 8.3 Protected Area (PA) Management in the Philippines -- 8.4 The Mount Apo Natural Park (MANP) -- 8.4.1 Location, Designation and Population -- 8.4.2 Biodiversity of the MANP -- 8.4.3 Governance and Management of the MANP -- 8.5 Nature-Based Tourism in the MANP -- 8.5.1 Mount Apo Climber Survey -- 8.5.2 Mount Apo Climber Profile and Motivations -- 8.5.3 Use and Non-use Values of the Mt Apo Natural Park -- 8.6 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 9 Governance and Management of Protected Areas in Vietnam: Nature-Based Tourism in Mountain Areas.

9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Protected Areas and National Parks -- 9.2.1 Classification -- 9.2.2 Legal and Institutional Framework -- 9.2.3 Management of Protected Areas -- 9.3 Nature-Based Tourism in the Hoàng Liên National Park (HLNP) -- 9.3.1 Nature-Based Tourism in NPs -- 9.3.2 Transformative Nature-Based Tourism Landscape in the Mountain Area of HLNP -- 9.4 Case Study: Mountain Tourism on Mount Fansipan -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Mountainous Protected Areas in Myanmar: Current Conditions and the Outlook for Nature-Based Tourism -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Myanmar's National System of Protected Areas -- 10.2.1 Overview of Myanmar's Systems of Protected Areas -- 10.2.2 Governance and Management of Protected Areas -- 10.2.3 Tourism in Myanmar's Protected Areas -- 10.3 Myanmar's Mountainous Protected Areas -- 10.4 NBT Potential in Myanmar's Mountainous Protected Areas -- 10.5 The Case of Natma Taung National Park and Mt Natma Taung -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part IV South Asia -- 11 Indo-Himalayan Protected Areas: Peak-Hunters, Pilgrims and Mountain Tourism -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Insights from Geography, Conservation, History and Development -- 11.2.1 Geography and Biodiversity Status -- 11.2.2 History and Development of Protected Areas -- 11.3 Indian Himalayan Tourism -- 11.4 Challenges and Opportunities for Mountain Tourism in the Himalayan PAs -- 11.4.1 Challenges: What to Protect? -- 11.4.2 Opportunities: How to Protect? -- 11.5 Case Study: Mountain Tourism at Stok Kangri in Hemis National Park -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Nepal's Network of Protected Areas and Nature-Based Tourism -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Nature-Based Tourism in Nepal: An Overview -- 12.3 Nepal's PAs System -- 12.3.1 Overview -- 12.3.2 Governance and Control -- 12.3.3 Institutional Framework and Authority.

12.3.4 Management Tools, Policies, and Priorities -- 12.3.5 Stakeholders -- 12.4 Community and Protected Areas -- 12.5 Tourism and PAs -- 12.5.1 Tourism in PAs -- 12.5.2 Tourism Dynamics (Activities and Tourism Types) -- 12.5.3 Tourism Impacts -- 12.6 Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Issues and Challenges -- 12.7 Tourism and Conservation at the World's Highest National Park: Sagarmatha National Park -- 12.8 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Mountainous Protected Areas in Sri Lanka: The Way Forward from Tea to Tourism? -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Sri Lankan National System of Protected Areas -- 13.2.1 History and Development of Sri Lanka's Protected Areas -- 13.2.2 Sri Lankan Mountain Protected Areas -- 13.2.3 The Tea Factors -- 13.3 Tourism in PAs -- 13.3.1 Visitor Profile -- 13.3.2 Managing Tourism in PAs -- 13.4 Case Study: Tourism in the Knuckles Massif -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part V Conclusion -- 14 Reflections for Trans-Regional Mountain Tourism -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Regional Characteristics -- 14.2.1 Northeast Asia -- 14.2.2 Southeast Asia -- 14.2.3 South Asia -- 14.3 Nature-Based Tourism in Mountainous Areas -- 14.3.1 Northeast Asia: Back to the Future? -- 14.3.2 Southeast Asia: 'Eco'- or 'Ethno'-Tourist? -- 14.3.3 South Asia-Tourism Impacts in Highlight -- 14.4 Toward Co-management of Mountainous PAs in Asia -- 14.4.1 Colonial Legacies -- 14.4.2 PA Governance: From Colonial Roots Toward Co-management? -- 14.5 Conclusion -- 14.5.1 A Transboundary Collection of Case Studies from Asia's Peaks and Parks -- 14.5.2 COVID-19 Regional Impacts and Recovery -- 14.5.3 Limitations and Future Research -- References.