Cover -- The Chemistry and Bioactive Components of Turmeric -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1 - Turmeric - The Miraculous Herb from Ancient India and its Historical Background -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Turmeric (Haridra) - in the Vedic Period -- 1.3 Haridra in Nighantus -- 1.4 Varieties of Haridra -- 1.5 Rasa Panchaka (Five Properties of Drug) of Haridra and its Therapeutic Effects -- 1.6 Haridra in Ayurveda Treatises - Charaka Samhitha, Ashtanga Hrudayam, Susrutha Samhitha and Sarngadhara Samhitha -- 1.7 The Drug Groups of Haridra -- 1.8 The Main Named Formulations of Haridra -- 1.9 Other Sources where Haridra is Mentioned in Ayurveda Treatises -- 1.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Turmeric -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Conventional Stratification on Turmeric -- 2.3 Turmeric Oleoresin -- 2.4 Volatile Oil and/or Non- curcuminoid Component of Turmeric -- 2.5 Constituents and Structural Studies of Turmeric oil and/or Non- curcuminoids -- 2.6 Analysis of Turmeric Essential Oil and/or Non- curcuminoids -- 2.7 Biological Activities of Volatile and/or Non- curcuminoid Compounds of Turmeric -- 2.8 Non- volatile Components of Turmeric -- 2.8.1 Constituents and Structural Studies of Non- volatile Components of Turmeric -- 2.8.2 Analysis of Non- volatile Turmeric Compounds -- 2.9 Biological Activities of Non- volatile Compounds of Turmeric -- 2.10 Biosynthesis of Curcumin -- 2.11 Stability Studies of Curcumin -- 2.12 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 - Geographical Variations of Turmeric and Curcumin -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Studies on the Variations of Curcumin Content -- 3.3 Studies on the Variation in Essential Oil Content -- 3.4 Genetic Variations and Environmental Factors on the Yield and Quality of Turmeric -- 3.4.1 Factors with the Curcumin Synthase (CURS) Gene.

3.4.2 Genetic Diversity in Different Agro- climatic Regions -- 3.4.3 Effect of Agro- climatic Zones in a Single Cultivar -- 3.4.4 Effect of Agro- climatic Zones on Different Cultivars -- 3.5 Agricultural Study Patterns -- 3.5.1 Experiments by Greenhouse Studies -- 3.5.2 Field Trials -- 3.6 Molecular Markers' Studies -- 3.7 Different Techniques and Technologies Regarding Curcumin Content -- 3.8 Effect of Maturity in Curcumin Content -- 3.9 Studies on Growth, Yield and Quality Parameters with Agro- climatic Zones in India -- 3.10 Agricultural Practices and Processing Methods -- 3.11 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 - Turmeric - Active Ingredients Other than Curcuminoids -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Chemical Composition of Turmeric -- 4.2.2 Terpenes -- 4.2.3 Flavonoids -- 4.3 Other Important Components in Turmeric -- 4.3.1 Polysaccharides -- 4.3.2 Starch -- 4.3.3 Dietary Fiber -- 4.3.4 Cellulose -- 4.3.5 Pectin -- 4.3.6 Turmeric Protein -- 4.4 Biological Activities of the Active Ingredients of Turmeric -- 4.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 - Curcuminoids - Isolation, Formulations and Bioavailability Problems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Discovery of Curcumin -- 5.3 Isolation of Curcumin -- 5.4 Physical, Chemical and Molecular Properties of Curcuminoids -- 5.5 Why are Formulations Needed for Curcumin -- 5.6 Different Formulations -- 5.6.1 Adjuvants for Bioavailability Enhancement -- 5.6.2 Enhancement through Nanotechnology -- 5.6.3 Micronized Formulations -- 5.6.4 Encapsulation -- 5.6.5 Curcumin Formulations Incorporating Lipid Matrices -- 5.6.5.1 Micellar Formulations -- 5.6.5.2 Phospholipid Formulations -- 5.6.6 Reconstitution with Non- curcuminoids -- 5.6.7 Complete Natural Turmeric Matrix -- 5.7 The Narrative of Bioavailability -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References.

Chapter 6 - Curcumin Pharmacokinetics and Plasma Determination -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Curcumin Metabolism -- 6.3 Hydrolysis vs. No Hydrolysis of Plasma Samples -- 6.4 Pharmacokinetic Studies -- 6.5 Discussion -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 - Curcumin: A Potential Molecule for the Prevention and Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Molecular Targets of Curcumin in Inflammation -- 7.3 Curcumin for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases -- 7.4 Curcumin and Inflammatory Diseases: Clinical Trials -- 7.4.1 Allergic Rhinitis -- 7.4.2 Asthma -- 7.4.3 Chronic Gastritis -- 7.4.4 Chronic Kidney Disease -- 7.4.5 Chronic Prostatitis -- 7.4.6 Gingivitis -- 7.4.7 Inflammatory Bowel Disease -- 7.4.8 Nephritis -- 7.4.9 Oral Lichen Planus -- 7.4.10 Oral Mucositis -- 7.4.11 Oral Submucous Fibrosis -- 7.4.12 Osteoarthritis -- 7.4.13 Peptic Ulcer -- 7.4.14 Periodontitis -- 7.4.15 Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 7.4.16 Tropical Pancreatitis -- 7.4.17 Ulcerative Proctitis -- 7.4.18 Uveitis -- 7.5 Conclusion -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 8 - Biological Activities of Curcuminoids -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Composition of Turmeric -- 8.2.1 Chemical Composition of Turmeric and Their Natural Analogues -- 8.2.2 Essential Oil Composition in Turmeric -- 8.2.3 Curcuminoids -- 8.2.4 Antioxidant Activity of Curcuminoids -- 8.3 Pharmacological Activities of Curcuminoids -- 8.3.1 Anti- inflammatory -- 8.3.2 Neuroprotective -- 8.3.3 Antidiabetic -- 8.3.4 Anticancer -- 8.3.5 Cardioprotective -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9 - Biosynthesis of Curcumin and Molecular Targets and the Biological Mechanism of Curcumin -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Biosynthesis of Curcumin -- 9.2.1 Natural Pathway of Curcumin Biosynthesis in C. longa.

9.2.2 Artificial Pathways of Curcuminoid Biosynthesis in Recombinant E. coli -- 9.2.2.1 Biosynthesis of Curcuminoids from O. sativa -- 9.2.2.2 Production of Curcuminoids by Recombinant E. coli -- 9.2.2.3 Production of Curcumin from Rice Bran Pitch by Recombinant E. coli -- 9.3 Biological Mechanism of Curcumin and Molecular Targets -- 9.3.1 Pro- angiogenic Factors -- 9.3.2 Cell Cycle Regulators -- 9.3.3 Metastasis and Transcription Factors -- 9.3.4 Proteins Kinases -- 9.3.4.1 p53 -- 9.3.4.2 SIRT -- 9.3.5 miRNA -- 9.3.6 DNA -- 9.3.7 Cellular Death -- 9.3.7.1 Apoptosis -- 9.3.7.2 Autophagy -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 - The Effect of Turmeric in Gut Diseases -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Importance of Turmeric and Its Active Constituent Curcumin -- 10.3 Mechanism of Action of CUR Against Gut Diseases -- 10.3.1 Inhibition of Transcription Factor NF-­ᴋB Activation and IᴋB Phosphorylation -- 10.3.2 Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production -- 10.3.3 Inhibition of COX- 2 Receptors -- 10.3.4 Inhibition of Cytokines -- 10.3.4.1 Inhibition of IFNγ and TNFα -- 10.3.4.2 Regulating Shift of TH1/TH2 -- 10.4 Clinical Trials and Studies Conducted on CUR -- 10.5 Pharmaceutical Formulations of CUR -- 10.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11 - Molecular Docking Studies of Curcumin -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Molecular Properties of Curcumin -- 11.3 Interaction and Binding Mechanism of Curcumin -- 11.4 Molecular Docking Studies of Curcumin -- 11.5 Molecular Docking Studies of Curcumin Analogs -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 - Biological Activities of Non- curcuminoids -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Non- curcuminoid in Turmeric -- 12.3 Anticancer Effects of C. longa STs -- 12.3.2 Cytotoxic and Anti- tumour Effect of Elemene- type of C. longa ST -- 12.3.2.1 Bone Cancer -- 12.3.2.2 Brain Cancer -- 12.3.2.3 Breast Cancer.

12.3.2.4 Lung Cancer -- 12.3.2.5 Stomach Cancer -- 12.3.2.6 Other Types of Cancer -- 12.3.3 Cytotoxic and Anti- tumour Effect of Germacrane- type of C. longa STs -- 12.3.3.1 Breast Cancer -- 12.3.3.2 Other Types of Cancer -- 12.3.4 Cytotoxic and Anti- tumour Effect of Guaiane and Other Types of C. longa STs -- 12.3.5 Synergistic Effect of C. longa STs with Other Cancer Treatments -- 12.3.6 Current Progress of the Clinical Trial of C. longa STs -- 12.3.7 Limitations of the Current Anticancer Studies of C. longa STs -- 12.4 Immunomodulation Effect of C. longa STs -- 12.5 Hepatoprotective Activity of C. longa STs -- 12.6 Neuroprotective Effect of C. longa STs -- 12.7 Analgesic/Depressive Activity of C. longa STs -- 12.8 Cardioprotective Activity of C. longa STs -- 12.9 Other Bioactivities of C. longa STs -- 12.10 Other Non- curcuminoids and their Bioactivities -- 12.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 - Toxicology Aspects of Turmeric -- 13.1 Turmeric and Toxicology: An Overview -- 13.2 Factors Affecting the Toxicological Aspects of Turmeric -- 13.2.1 Interactions of Turmeric as a Therapeutic Adjuvant -- 13.2.1.1 Turmeric-Drug-Disease-Herb-Food Interactions -- 13.3 Marketed Turmeric Formulations and Toxicological Aspects -- 13.4 Methods for Early Prediction of Toxicity -- 13.4.1 Chemoinformatics -- 13.4.2 Ayur- informatics -- 13.5 Management of Turmeric Toxicity -- 13.5.1 Traditional Methods to Ensure the Safety of Turmeric and Its Formulations -- 13.6 Turmeric - Hype or Hope -- 13.7 Limitations and Future Perspective -- 13.8 Discussion and Conclusion -- Conflict of Interest -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 14 - Production, Economics and Marketing of Turmeric -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Production of Turmeric -- 14.2.1 Global Scenario -- 14.2.2 Indian Scenario -- 14.3 Varieties of Turmeric -- 14.4 State- wise Production.

14.4.1 Telangana.