Cover -- THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN A SUSTAINABLE FOOD SUPPLY -- Dedication -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributing Authors -- Abbreviations -- 1: World Population Growth and Food Supply -- Population Growth Dynamics and Projections to 2050 -- Potential Income and Demand Growth -- Supply Projections for Cereals from Different Sources -- Prices Matter Too -- Conclusions and Implications -- References -- 2: Social Challenges: Public Opinion and Agricultural Biotechnology -- Using Genetically Engineered Crops in Food Production: Pro and Con Arguments -- Macro-Level Challenges: The Sociopolitical Context -- Public Opinion about GE Crops Worldwide -- European Attitudes -- African Attitudes -- Asian Attitudes -- Understanding Public Opinion Dynamics -- Conclusion -- References -- 3: Loving Biotechnology: Ethical Considerations -- The Christian Ethic Celebrates Discovery -- Responsibility toward Our Neighbor -- Responsibility for Creation -- Other Faith Traditions' Attitudes toward Earth -- Stewardship, Trust, and Responsibility -- Giving Voice to Stakeholders -- Openness and Trust as Process -- The Ethic of Development -- Model: Three Cups of Tea -- References -- 4: Biotechnology in Crop Production -- The Demand for More Food, Feed, Fuel, and Fiber -- Population Growth, Food Prices, Hunger, and Environmental Degradation -- The Role of Technology and Innovation -- Sustainable Development in Agriculture -- The Principal Tools -- Advanced Agronomic Practices -- Modern Breeding and Germplasm Improvement -- Genetic Engineering -- Biotechnology Adoption and Trait Stacking: The Global Adoption and Expansion of GM Crops -- Impacts of GM Crops -- Yield and Productivity -- Environment -- Economy -- Challenges to GM Crops -- Potential for Health and Environmental Risks -- Risk Assessment, Regulation, and Policy.

Misleading Information and Fear -- The Path Forward -- References -- 5: Biotechnology and the Control of Viral Diseases of Crops -- Host Plant Resistance -- Host Plant Resistance as a Sustainable Alternative -- Host Plant Resistance through Conventional Breeding -- Host Plant Resistance through Genetic Engineering -- Genomics of Virus Resistance -- Dominantly Inherited Virus Resistance -- Recessively Inherited Virus Resistance -- Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E -- Detailed Understanding of a Recessive Virus Resistance Gene -- Transgenesis of eIF4E Controls Virus Infection -- Intragenic Virus Resistance in Potato -- Consumer Acceptance Issues -- Conclusion -- References -- 6: Animal Biotechnologies and Agricultural Sustainability -- What Is Animal Biotechnology? -- Genetic Engineering -- Potential Benefits -- Concerns -- Cloning -- Potential Benefits -- Concerns -- Genomic Selection -- Potential Benefits -- Concerns -- Functional Genomics -- Potential Benefits -- Concerns -- Other Biotechnologies -- RNAi -- Modification of Rumen Microorganisms -- Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin -- Conclusion -- References -- 7: Genetically Engineered Crops Can Be Part of a Sustainable Food Supply: Food and Food Safety Issues -- Will Introducing Fish Genes into Strawberries Result in Health Risks? -- Can GE Foods Have Nutritional Differences That Cause Health Risks? -- Does a Lack of GE Food Labeling Raise Risks for Human Consumption? -- Did People Die after Consuming the Nutritional Supplement Tryptophan? -- Were Potatoes Engineered to Produce a Lectin Unsafe to Eat? -- Have Any Food Safety Studies Been Done on GE Foods? -- Does the Transgene DNA in Foods Cause Safety Problems? -- Can Eating Bt Protein Cause Food Safety Issues for Consumers? -- Are Allergens Being Introduced into GE Foods?.

Were Foods with Bt Corn Removed from the Market Due to Safety Concerns? -- Can GE Crops Engineered to Make Pharmaceuticals Contaminate Foods? -- Are GE Foods 100 Percent Safe? -- Are Organic Foods Safer and Healthier Than Those Grown Conventionally? -- What Complexities Do Future GE Trait Introductions Present? -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8: Ecological Considerations in Biotechnology: Ecological Concerns and Environmental Risks of Transgenic Crops -- Genetically Engineered Products Now and in the Future -- Glyphosate- and Gluphosinate-Tolerant Maize, Soybeans, and Canola -- Bt Protein (Insecticide) Expressing Maize, Cotton, and Potatoes -- Virus Resistance in Papaya and Squash -- Future Crop Enhancements from GE Technology: Herbicide Tolerance and Bt Protein in Rice -- Fruit and Vegetable Pest Resistance -- Future Plant Traits Derived from GE Technology -- Animal Traits Derived from GE Technology -- Ecological Concerns Related to Transgenic Organisms -- Unintended Impacts -- Resistance of Target Populations -- Persistence and Escape (Weediness) of Transformed Plant -- Persistence in the Environment of Products from Transgenes -- Transfer of Genetic Material to Related Species in Habitat -- Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) Principles -- The Risk Assessment Process -- Problem Formulation -- Effects Characterization -- Exposure Characterization -- Risk Characterization -- An Iterative, Tiered Approach -- Species Selection -- Study Design -- Overall Risk Assessment -- A Case Study: Bt Maize Pollen and Monarch Butterfly Risk Assessment -- Overview -- Universality of Approach -- Paradigm Shift for Regulatory Agencies -- Discussion Points and Further Needs -- Evaluation of Strong/Weak Points of the Bt Maize: Monarch Case.

Outcomes of Risk Assessment Process Relative to Regulation and Introduction of Genetically Engineered Crop Plants or Livestock -- Scale of Economy for Biotechnology Research and Development -- References -- 9: Organic Agriculture as an Alternative to a GE-Based System -- Can Organic Agriculture Feed the World? -- Organic Agriculture as Part of a Sustainable Agriculture Model -- Impact of Organic Agriculture on Sustaining Ecological Health -- Impact of Organic Agriculture on Sustaining Human Health -- Breeding for Organic Agriculture: An Alternative to GMO-Based Breeding Technology -- Participatory Plant Breeding -- Participatory Plant Breeding Case Study: The Organic Seed Partnership -- Conclusion -- References -- 10: A Case Study of Rice from Traditional Breeding to Genomics: Rice - Food for the Gods -- When and Where Did Farmers First Start Growing Rice? -- The Green Revolution -- Efforts to Develop Rice Varieties That Are Genetically Diverse, Are Locally Adapted, and Require Fewer Inputs -- What We Are Learning Today: Discovering the Hidden Gems -- Bio-Fortified -- Conclusion -- References -- 11: Case Study: Healthy Grown Potatoes and Sustainability of Wisconsin Potato Production -- Standards of Practice for Healthy Grown Potatoes -- Data Collection and Management -- Healthy Grown Adoption -- Healthy Grown Performance Metrics -- Costs of the Healthy Grown Program -- Market Challenges for Healthy Grown Potatoes -- Value of Biotechnology to the Healthy Grown Potato Program -- Summary -- References -- 12: Precautionary Practice of Risk Assessment -- Understanding the Precautionary Principle -- Risk Assessment Contexts -- How Much Is Too Much? -- Drawing the Line -- Integrating the Precautionary Principle and Risk Assessment -- Integrating Precaution into Risk-Based Approaches -- A Matter of Timing -- References.

13: Risk Assessment Approaches and Implications -- GE Crops as Part of a Sustainable Food Supply -- Emergence of Public Sector Research to Develop GE Crops -- Meeting the Needs for a Sustainable Food Supply: The Importance of Risk Assessment and Regulation of GE Crops -- Use of Global Regulatory Experience with GE Crops -- Technical Improvements in GE: Opportunities for Standardized Approaches -- Gene Discovery, More Valuable Traits, and Regulatory Evaluation -- Nutritional Improvements: Allergenicity, Toxicology, and Other Food Safety Issues -- Environmental Assessments and Long-Term Ecological Evaluation (Modeling) -- Cost of Compliance with Biosafety Regulation -- Biosafety Regulatory Systems for the Developing World: A Growing Divide? -- Conclusion -- References -- 14: The Context for Biotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture -- Global Population Dynamics and Agricultural Production -- Increasing Demands for Agricultural Products -- Land Use Pressures -- Water Resource Demands -- Conclusion -- References -- 15: Agricultural Biotechnology: Equity and Prosperity -- The Impacts of Transgenic Crops: Lessons of First-Generation Traits -- Impacts Depend on Preexisting Practices and Conditions -- Impacts Are Stochastic in Nature -- Impacts Can Be Nonpecuniary - Convenience and Time Savings -- Impacts Can Be Indirect - Reduced Fusarium Infestation -- Impacts Are Scale-Neutral -- No Evidence of Harm Even after Extensive Use -- Incentives to Avoid Yield Drag Will Help Maintain Crop Biodiversity -- Managing Resistance -- Some Positive Environmental Impacts -- The Unrealized Potential of First-Generation Traits -- Reassessment of Biotechnology for Future Applications -- Agricultural Biotechnology and Energy Prices -- Second-Generation Traits -- Shaping Policies for Sustainability -- Regulatory Requirements -- Intellectual Property Rights -- Conclusion.

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