Contributors | p. xiii |
Preface | p. xvii |
Acknowledgments | p. xix |
Section I Basic Principles and Concepts |
A. Examining the Relationship between Diet, Nutrition, and Disease |
Chapter 1 Dietary Assessment MethodologyFrances E. Thompson and Amy F. Subar |
I. Introduction | p. 3 |
II. Dietary Assessment Methods | p. 3 |
III. Dietary Assessment in Specific Situations | p. 9 |
IV. Dietary Assessment in Special Populations | p. 12 |
V. Selected Issues in Dietary Assessment Methods | p. 14 |
References | p. 19 |
Chapter 2 Energy Requirement MethodologyRachel K. Johnson and Debra Coward-McKenzie |
I. Introduction | p. 31 |
II. Components of Energy Expenditure | p. 31 |
III. Total Energy Expenditure | p. 36 |
IV. Recommended Energy Intakes | p. 39 |
References | p. 40 |
Chapter 3 Physical AssessmentEdward Saltzman and Kris M. Mogensen |
I. Introduction | p. 43 |
II. Components of Clinical Assessment | p. 43 |
III. Anthropometric Assessment | p. 44 |
IV. Functional Assessment | p. 48 |
V. Clinical Manifestations in Specific Disease States and Populations | p. 49 |
VI. Prognostic Indicators | p. 53 |
VII. Summary | p. 55 |
References | p. 55 |
Chapter 4 Overview of Nutritional EpidemiologyRuth E. Patterson |
I. Introduction | p. 59 |
II. Principles of Exposure Measurement in Nutritional Epidemiology | p. 60 |
III. Design Studies Used in Nutritional Epidemiology | p. 61 |
IV. Interpretation of Cause and Effect in Nutritional Epidemiology | p. 62 |
V. Obstacles to Finding Associations of Dietary Intake and Disease Risk | p. 64 |
VI. Future Research Directions | p. 67 |
References | p. 68 |
Chapter 5 Analysis, Presentation, and Interpretation of Dietary DataDebra Coward-McKenzie and Rachel K. Johnson |
I. Introduction | p. 69 |
II. Analysis of Dietary Data | p. 69 |
III. Presentation of Data | p. 72 |
IV. Interpretation of Data | p. 74 |
V. Conclusion | p. 77 |
References | p. 77 |
B. Nutrition Intervention |
Chapter 6 Current Theoretical Bases for Nutrition Intervention and Their UsesKaren Glanz |
I. Introduction | p. 83 |
II. Importance of Understanding Influences on Dietary Behavior | p. 83 |
III. What Is Theory? | p. 84 |
IV. Explanatory and Change Theories | p. 84 |
V. Unique Features of Dietary Behavior to Consider When Using Theory | p. 84 |
VI. Important Theories and Their Key Constructs | p. 85 |
VII. Findings Regarding Applications of Theory to Nutritional Behavior | p. 88 |
VIII. Constructs and Issues across Theories | p. 89 |
IX. Implications and Opportunities | p. 91 |
References | p. 91 |
Chapter 7 Nutrition Intervention: Lessons from Clinical TrialsLinda G. Snetselaar |
I. Introduction | p. 95 |
II. Conceptual Models of Motivation | p. 95 |
III. Theories Used in Achieving Dietary Behavior Change in Clinical Trials | p. 96 |
IV. Summary | p. 103 |
References | p. 103 |
Chapter 8 Tools and Techniques to Facilitate Eating Behavior ChangeJoan M. Heins and Linda Delahanty |
I. Introduction | p. 105 |
II. The Teaching/Learning Process | p. 105 |
III. Nutrition Education Techniques | p. 107 |
IV. Behavior Change Techniques | p. 110 |
V. Conclusion | p. 120 |
References | p. 120 |
Chapter 9 Evaluation of Nutrition InterventionsAlan R. Kristal and Jessie A. Satia |
I. Introduction | p. 123 |
II. Overview: Types of Nutrition Intervention Program Evaluations | p. 123 |
III. Outcomes or Endpoints Used to Assess Intervention Effectiveness | p. 124 |
IV. Design of Nutrition Intervention Evaluations | p. 125 |
V. Measurement Issues When Assessing Dietary Change and Other Intervention Outcomes | p. 128 |
VI. Dietary Assessment Instruments and Their Applicability for Intervention Evaluation | p. 130 |
VII. Conclusions | p. 135 |
References | p. 135 |
Chapter 10 Biomarkers and Biological Indicators of ChangeJohanna W. Lampe and Cheryl L. Rock |
I. Introduction | p. 139 |
II. Biomarkers of Dietary Intake or Exposure | p. 139 |
III. Functional Biomarkers | p. 143 |
IV. Biomarkers of Genetic Susceptibility | p. 147 |
V. Criteria for Selecting and Using Biomarkers | p. 148 |
VI. Summary | p. 149 |
References | p. 149 |
C. Genetic Influence on Nutritional Health |
Chapter 11 Genetic Influences on Blood Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease RiskJose M. Ordovas |
I. Introduction | p. 157 |
II. Exogenous Lipoprotein Pathway | p. 158 |
III. Endogenous Lipoprotein Metabolism | p. 166 |
IV. Reverse Cholesterol Transport | p. 167 |
V. Conclusion | p. 170 |
References | p. 171 |
Chapter 12 Genetics of Human ObesityJanis S. Fisler and Nancy A. Schonfeld-Warden |
I. Introduction | p. 183 |
II. Genetic Epidemiology of Human Obesity | p. 183 |
III. Gene-Environment Interactions | p. 184 |
IV. The Obesity Gene Map | p. 184 |
V. Single-Gene Obesity in Humans | p. 185 |
VI. Single-Gene Mutations Resulting in Adipose Tissue Atrophy | p. 188 |
VII. Rare Genetic Syndromes with Obesity as a Prominent Feature | p. 188 |
VIII. Evidence from Linkage Studies of Obesity Phenotypes | p. 188 |
IX. Association Studies of Candidate Genes for Obesity and Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance and Hyperlipidemia | p. 189 |
X. Clinical Implications of the Discovery of Obesity Genes | p. 192 |
References | p. 193 |
Chapter 13 Genetic Influence on Cancer RiskJo L. Freudenheim |
I. Introduction | p. 199 |
II. Background | p. 199 |
III. Mechanisms of Diet-Genetic Interactions | p. 200 |
IV. Methodologic Issues in Assessment of Diet and Gene Interactions Related to Cancer | p. 202 |
V. Diet-Gene Interactions and Cancer | p. 203 |
VI. Future Directions | p. 205 |
References | p. 205 |
Chapter 14 Inborn Errors of MetabolismCristine M. Trahms |
I. Introduction | p. 209 |
II. Diagnosis | p. 210 |
III. Treatment: Initiation and Monitoring | p. 211 |
IV. New Treatment Developments | p. 220 |
V. Adult Treatment | p. 221 |
VI. Summary | p. 223 |
References | p. 224 |
D. Supplements and Food Replacements |
Chapter 15 Role of Liquid Dietary SupplementsAnne Coble Voss and Kathleen E. Mayer |
I. Medical Foods and Nutritional Supplements | p. 229 |
II. What Is a Medical Food/Supplement? | p. 229 |
III. Prevalence and Economic Impact of Medical Nutrition Therapy | p. 231 |
IV. Barriers to Using Medical Nutritional Supplements | p. 238 |
V. Summary | p. 238 |
References | p. 238 |
Chapter 16 Composite Foods and Formulas, Parenteral and Enteral NutritionLaura Matarese |
I. Introduction | p. 245 |
II. Enteral Nutrition | p. 245 |
III. Parenteral Nutrition | p. 250 |
IV. Conclusion | p. 256 |
References | p. 256 |
Chapter 17 Herbs and Botanical Supplements: Principles and ConceptsCynthia Thomson and Robert B. Lutz |
I. Introduction: History of Botanical Medicine | p. 261 |
II. Use of Herbs and Botanicals | p. 261 |
III. Evidence for Safety and Efficacy | p. 263 |
IV. Adverse Effects of Herbs and Botanicals | p. 268 |
V. Regulation of Botanical and Herbal Medicinals | p. 268 |
VI. Recommendations for Clinical Care | p. 269 |
VII. Summary | p. 271 |
References | p. 272 |
Section II Disease-Specific Intervention: Prevention and Treatment |
A. Cardiovascular Disease |
Chapter 18 Dietary Macronutrients and Cardiovascular RiskPenny Kris-Etherton and Kari Hecker and Denise Shaffer Taylor and Guixiang Zhao and Stacie Coval and Amy Binkoski |
I. Introduction | p. 279 |
II. Dietary Fat | p. 279 |
III. Dietary Carbohydrate | p. 282 |
IV. Dietary Protein | p. 284 |
V. Conclusion | p. 286 |
References | p. 286 |
Chapter 19 Other Dietary Components and Cardiovascular RiskLinda Van Horn and Sujata Archer and Kimberly Thedford and Amy Baltes |
I. Introduction | p. 291 |
II. Dietary Fiber and Cardiovascular Risk | p. 291 |
III. Homocysteine and Cardiovascular Disease | p. 293 |
IV. Soy and Cardiovascular Disease | p. 294 |
V. Phytochemicals: Proposed Association with Cardiovascular Disease | p. 295 |
VI. Conclusion | p. 298 |
References | p. 298 |
Chapter 20 Nutrition, Diet, and HypertensionMarji McCullough and Pao-Hwa Lin |
I. Introduction | p. 303 |
II. Individual Nutrients and Blood Pressure | p. 305 |
III. Other Dietary and Lifestyle Modifications | p. 311 |
IV. Dietary Patterns | p. 312 |
V. Summary | p. 314 |
Appendixes | p. 316 |
References | p. 318 |
Chapter 21 Nutrition and Congestive Heart FailureSuzanne Lutton and Nancy Anzlovar |
I. Introduction | p. 325 |
II. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure | p. 325 |
III. Standard Medical Care for Heart Failure | p. 326 |
IV. Restrictions in Sodium | p. 326 |
V. Restrictions in Fluid Intake | p. 328 |
VI. Recommendations Regarding Fat, Fiber and Cholesterol | p. 328 |
VII. Other Dietary Recommendations | p. 328 |
VIII. Special Considerations | p. 329 |
IX. Summary | p. 331 |
References | p. 331 |
B. Cancer Prevention and Therapy |
Chapter 22 Nutrition and Breast CancerCheryl L. Rock and Wendy Demark-Wahnefried |
I. Introduction | p. 337 |
II. Nutritional Factors in the Etiology of Breast Cancer | p. 338 |
III. Nutritional Issues Following the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer | p. 345 |
IV. Summary and Conclusions | p. 349 |
References | p. 350 |
Chapter 23 Nutrition and Colon CancerMartha L. Slattery and Bette J. Caan |
I. Introduction | p. 357 |
II. Model 1: Bile Acids, Fat/Fiber, and Meats/Vegetables | p. 357 |
III. Model 2: Cooked Foods | p. 362 |
IV. Model 3: Insulin Resistance | p. 362 |
V. Model 4: DNA Methylation | p. 363 |
VI. Model 5: Cell Growth Regulators | p. 363 |
VII. Food Intake Relationships | p. 364 |
VIII. Prevention of Colon Cancer | p. 366 |
References | p. 366 |
Chapter 24 Nutrition and Prostate CancerLaurence N. Kolonel |
I. Introduction | p. 373 |
II. Descriptive Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer | p. 373 |
III. Studies of Diet in Relation to Prostate Cancer | p. 374 |
IV. Genetics and Gene-Environment Interactions | p. 380 |
V. Dietary Intervention Trials | p. 380 |
VI. Conclusions and Implications for Prevention and Treatment | p. 380 |
References | p. 381 |
Chapter 25 Nutrition and Lung CancerSusan T. Mayne |
I. Introduction | p. 387 |
II. Dietary Constituents and Primary Prevention of Lung Cancer | p. 387 |
III. Dietary Constituents and Prevention of Second Lung Cancer | p. 393 |
IV. Conclusions and Recommendations | p. 393 |
References | p. 394 |
Chapter 26 Nutrition and the Patient with CancerBarbara Eldridge and Cheryl L. Rock and Paula Davis McCallum |
I. Introduction | p. 397 |
II. Rationale and Importance of Optimal Nutrition | p. 397 |
III. Cancer Cachexia | p. 398 |
IV. Basic Nutrition Concepts for Managing Patients with Cancer | p. 399 |
V. Nutrition Issues throughout the Continuum of Care | p. 401 |
VI. Special Situations | p. 408 |
VII. Summary and Conclusions | p. 410 |
References | p. 410 |
C. Diabetes Mellitus |
Chapter 27 Obesity and the Risk for DiabetesRejeanne Gougeon |
I. Introduction | p. 415 |
II. Definitions and Classifications of Obesity and Diabetes | p. 415 |
III. Why Are the Obese at Risk? | p. 417 |
IV. Conclusion | p. 422 |
References | p. 422 |
Chapter 28 Nutrition Management for Type I DiabetesAnn Albright |
I. Introduction | p. 429 |
II. Definition and Burden of Type 1 Diabetes | p. 429 |
III. Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy | p. 430 |
IV. Insulin Regimens | p. 433 |
V. Conclusion | p. 438 |
References | p. 438 |
Chapter 29 Nutritional Management for Type 2 DiabetesAnn M. Coulston |
I. Introduction | p. 441 |
II. Energy Intake and Body Weight Management | p. 442 |
III. Macronutrient Intake | p. 442 |
IV. Trace Mineral Requirements | p. 446 |
V. Conclusion | p. 447 |
References | p. 448 |
Chapter 30 Nutritional Management for Gestational DiabetesLynne Lyons and Diane Reader |
I. Introduction | p. 453 |
II. Screening and Diagnosis | p. 453 |
III. Risks and Complications | p. 454 |
IV. Treatment and Monitoring | p. 454 |
V. Postpartum Recommendations and Considerations | p. 461 |
VI. Conclusion | p. 461 |
References | p. 461 |
D. Obesity |
Chapter 31 Obesity: Overview of Treatments and InterventionsHelen M. Seagle and Holly Wyatt and James O. Hill |
I. Introduction | p. 465 |
II. Assessment of Overweight and Obesity | p. 465 |
III. Lifestyle Modification | p. 468 |
IV. Pharmaceutical Intervention | p. 471 |
V. Surgical Treatment | p. 474 |
VI. Special Issues in the Treatment of Pediatric Obesity | p. 475 |
VII. Acute Weight Loss versus Maintaining Long-Term Weight Loss | p. 476 |
VIII. The Future of Weight Management | p. 477 |
References | p. 477 |
Chapter 32 Obesity: Role of Physical ActivityMarcia L. Stefanick |
I. Introduction | p. 481 |
II. Relationship of Physical Activity to the Prevalence of Obesity in Populations | p. 481 |
III. Physical Activity and Determinants and Etiology of Obesity | p. 482 |
IV. Role of Physical Activity in Treatment (Weight Loss) of Overweight and Obesity: Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials | p. 483 |
V. Role of Physical Activity in Preventing and Treating Obesity-Related Comorbidities | p. 493 |
VI. Conclusions | p. 494 |
References | p. 494 |
Chapter 33 Macronutrient Intake and the Control of Body WeightDavid A. Levitsky |
I. Introduction | p. 499 |
II. Fat Chance | p. 499 |
III. Establishing Causal Links | p. 499 |
IV. Is It Fat or Energy Density? | p. 501 |
V. Are Carbohydrates the Culprit Responsible for Overweight? | p. 502 |
VI. Energy Compensation for Fat and Sugar Substitutes | p. 503 |
VII. Protein Paradox | p. 506 |
VIII. Summary and Implications of the Research on Macronutrients and Intake | p. 508 |
References | p. 509 |
Chapter 34 Behavioral Risk Factors for Obesity: Diet and Physical ActivityNancy E. Sherwood and Mary Story and Dianne Neumark-Sztainer |
I. Introduction | p. 517 |
II. Physical Activity | p. 518 |
III. Dietary Factors | p. 522 |
IV. Summary and Public Health Recommendations | p. 529 |
V. Conclusion | p. 530 |
References | p. 532 |
Chapter 35 Role of Taste and Appetite in Body Weight RegulationAdam Drewnowski and Victoria Warren-Mears |
I. Introduction | p. 539 |
II. Genetics and Body Weight | p. 539 |
III. Taste Factors and Food Choices | p. 540 |
IV. Hunger, Appetite, and Satiety | p. 541 |
V. Energy Density of Foods | p. 542 |
VI. Appetite for Energy | p. 543 |
References | p. 543 |
E. Gastrointestinal Diseases |
Chapter 36 Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Common Gastrointestinal SymptomsLawrence J. Cheskin and Debra L. Miller |
I. Introduction | p. 549 |
II. Excessive Gas | p. 549 |
III. Heartburn and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | p. 552 |
IV. Diarrhea | p. 553 |
V. Constipation | p. 556 |
VI. Nausea and Vomiting | p. 557 |
VII. Conclusion | p. 560 |
References | p. 560 |