M. BlagroveJ. A. Hobson and E. F. Pace-Schott and R. StickgoldM. SolmsT. A. NielsenR. P. Vertes and K. E. EastmanA. RevonsuoJ. S. AntrobusR. B. ArditoJ. A. BednarM. BlagroveA. A. Borbely and L. WittmannJ. Born and S. GaisM. Bosinelli and P. C. CicognaR. CartwrightC. CavalleroP. Chapman and G. UnderwoodJ. A. CheyneC. CipolliW. J. ClanceyA. CoenenR. Conduit and S. G. Crewther and G. ColemanG. W. DomhoffF. Doricchi and C. ViolaniI. FeinbergW. FishbeinO. FlanaganC. FranziniA. Germain and T. A. Nielsen and A. Zadra and J. MontplaisirC. GottesmannR. GreenbergR. W. GreeneK. GundersonE. HartmannJ. HermanJ. A. HobsonN. HumphreyH. T. HuntB. E. JonesT. L. KahanA. Khambalia and C. M. ShapiroM. KramerF. E. KrieckhausS. LaBergeD. Lehmann and M. KoukkouR. LevinR. Lydic and H. A. BaghdoyanG. Lynch and L. L. Colgin and L. PalmerM. ManciaT. J. MarczynskiG. MazzoniL. MealeyJ. MontangeroW. H. MoorcroftP. J. Morgane and D. J. MoklerA. R. Morrison and L. D. SanfordT. A. Nielsen and A. GermainE. A. NofzingerM. Occhionero and M. J. EspositoR. D. Ogilvie and T. Takeuchi and T. I. MurphyE. F. Pace-SchottJ. F. PagelJ. PankseppE. K. Perry and M. A. PiggottJ. B. Peterson and C. G. DeYoungC. M. PortasH. S. PorteA. RevonsuoV. S. RotenbergR. Salin-Pascual and D. Gerashchenko and P. J. ShiromaniP. SalzaruloM. SchredlT. K. Shackelford and V. A. Weekes-ShackelfordH. Shevrin and A. S. EiserJ. M. SiegelC. Smith and G. M. RoseM. SolmsM. SteriadeR. StickgoldN. S. ThompsonG. W. VogelL. J. WichlinskiA. Zadra and D. C. DonderiJ. A. Hobson and E. F. Pace-Schott and R. StickgoldM. SolmsT. A. NielsenR. P. Vertes and K. E. EastmanA. RevonsuoEdward F. Pace-Schott

Preface	p. ix
Introduction	p. xi
1 Dreaming and the brain: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states	p. 1
2 Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms	p. 51
3 A review of mentation in REM and NREM sleep: "Covert" REM sleep as a possible reconciliation of two opposing models	p. 59
4 The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep	p. 75
5 The reinterpretation of dreams: An evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming	p. 85
Open Peer Commentary and Authors' Responses
Table of Commentators	p. 112
Open Peer Commentary
How does the dreaming brain explain the dreaming mind?	p. 115
Dreaming as an active construction of meaning	p. 118
Internally-generated activity, non-episodic memory, and emotional salience in sleep	p. 119
Dreams have meaning but no function	p. 121
Sleep, not REM sleep, is the royal road to dreams	p. 122
REM sleep deprivation: The wrong paradigm leading to wrong conclusions	p. 123
REM and NREM mentation: Nielsen's model once again supports the supremacy of REM	p. 124
How and why the brain makes dreams: A report card on current research on dreaming	p. 125
REM sleep = dreaming: The never-ending story	p. 127
Mental states during dreaming and daydreaming: Some methodological loopholes	p. 128
Play, dreams, and simulation	p. 129
Iterative processing of information during sleep may improve consolidation	p. 130
Conceptual coordination bridges information processing and neurophysiology	p. 130
The divorce of REM sleep and dreaming	p. 133
Shedding old assumptions and consolidating what we know: Toward an attention-based model of dreaming	p. 135
Needed: A new theory	p. 139
Mesolimbic dopamine and the neuropsychology of dreaming: Some caution and reconsiderations	p. 141
REM sleep: Desperately seeking isomorphism	p. 142
The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep: Balderdash!	p. 145
Dreaming is not an adaptation	p. 147
Sleep, dreaming, and brain activation	p. 150
The prevalence of typical dream themes challenges the specificity of the threat simulation theory	p. 151
Each distinct type of mental state is supported by specific brain functions	p. 152
Where is the forest? Where is the dream?	p. 154
State-dependent modulation of cognitive function	p. 156
The dramaturgy of dreams in Pleistocene minds and our own	p. 157
The waking-to-dreaming continuum, and the effects of emotion	p. 158
Reflexive and orienting properties of REM sleep dreaming and eye movements	p. 161
The ghost of Sigmund Freud haunts Mark Solms's dream theory	p. 162
Dreaming as play	p. 164
New multiplicities of dreaming and REMing	p. 164
The interpretation of physiology	p. 166
The "problem" of dreaming in NREM sleep continues to challenge reductionist (two generator) models of dream generation	p. 167
A new approach for explaining dreaming and REM sleep mechanisms	p. 169
Dreaming has content and meaning not just form	p. 170
Papez dreams: Mechanism and phenomenology of dreaming	p. 172
Lucid dreaming: Evidence and methodology	p. 173
All brain work - including recall - is state-dependent	p. 176
Nightmares: Friend or foe?	p. 177
Koch's postulates confirm cholinergic modulation of REM sleep	p. 178
"Spandrels of the night?"	p. 178
Dream production is not chaotic	p. 179
Novel concepts of sleep-wakefullness and neuronal information coding	p. 180
Sleep can be related to memory, even if REM sleep is not	p. 183
The illusory function of dreams: Another example of cognitive bias	p. 183
A more general evolutionary hypothesis about dream function	p. 184
Sorting out additions to the understanding of cognition during sleep	p. 185
Dreams and sleep: Are new schemas revealing?	p. 188
Critical brain characteristics to consider in developing dream and memory theories	p. 189
Post-traumatic nightmares as a dysfunctional state	p. 190
Insights from functional neuroimaging studies of behavioral state regulation in healthy and depressed subjects	p. 191
Toward a new neuropsychological isomorphism	p. 192
Expanding Nielsen's covert REM model, questioning Solms's approach to dreaming and REM sleep, and re-interpreting the Vertes & Eastman view of REM sleep and memory	p. 193
Nielsen's concept of covert REM sleep is a path toward a more realistic view of sleep psychophysiology	p. 195
Dreaming is not a non-conscious electrophysiologic state	p. 196
"The dream of reason creates monsters" ... especially when we neglect the role of emotions in REM-states	p. 200
Neurotransmitter mechanisms of dreaming: Implication of modulatory systems based on dream intensity	p. 202
Metaphoric threat is more real than real threat	p. 204
One machinery, multiple cognitive states: The value of the AIM model	p. 205
Neural constraints on cognition in sleep	p. 206
The contents of consciousness during sleep: Some theoretical problems	p. 207
Search activity: A key to resolving contradictions in sleep/dream investigation	p. 208
Some myths are slow to die	p. 211
Time course of dreaming and sleep organization	p. 212
Dream research: Integration of physiological and psychological models	p. 213
Threat simulation, dreams, and domain-specificity	p. 216
Continued vitality of the Freudian theory of dreaming	p. 216
Phylogenetic date bearing on the REM sleep learning connection	p. 219
Evaluating the relationship between REM and memory consolidation: A need for scholarship and hypothesis testing	p. 219
The mechanism of the REM state is more than a sum of its parts	p. 220
Neuronal basis of dreaming and mentation during slow-wave (non-REM) sleep	p. 221
Inclusive versus exclusive approaches to sleep and dream research	p. 223
Evolutionary psychology can ill afford adaptionist and mentalist credulity	p. 225
Critique of current dream theories	p. 226
The pharmacologyof threatening dreams	p. 228
Threat perceptions and avoidance in recurrent dreams	p. 229
Authors' Responses
Dream science 2000: A response to commentaries on Dreaming and the brain	p. 231
Forebrain mechanisms of dreaming are activated from a variety of sources	p. 247
Covert REM sleep effects on REM mentation: Further methodological considerations and supporting evidence	p. 252
REM sleep is not committed to memory	p. 269
Did ancestral humans dream for their lives?	p. 275
References	p. 295
Postscript: Recent findings on the neurobiology of sleep and dreaming	p. 335
Index	p. 351