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Summary
Summary
How and why does the sleeping brain generate dreams? Though the question is old, a paradigm shift is now occurring in the science of sleep and dreaming that is making room for new answers. From brainstem-based models of sleep cycle control, research is moving toward combined brainstem/forebrain models of sleep cognition itself. The book presents five papers by leading scientists at the center of the current firmament, and more than seventy-five commentaries on those papers by nearly all of the other leading authorities in the field. Topics include mechanisms of dreaming and REM sleep, memory consolidation in REM sleep, and an evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming. The papers and commentaries, together with the authors' rejoinders, represent a huge leap forward in our understanding of the sleeping and dreaming brain. The book's multidisciplinary perspective will appeal to students and researchers in neuroscience, cognitive science, and psychology.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. ix |
Introduction | p. xi |
1 Dreaming and the brain: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states | p. 1 |
2 Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms | p. 51 |
3 A review of mentation in REM and NREM sleep: "Covert" REM sleep as a possible reconciliation of two opposing models | p. 59 |
4 The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep | p. 75 |
5 The reinterpretation of dreams: An evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming | p. 85 |
Open Peer Commentary and Authors' Responses | |
Table of Commentators | p. 112 |
Open Peer Commentary | |
How does the dreaming brain explain the dreaming mind? | p. 115 |
Dreaming as an active construction of meaning | p. 118 |
Internally-generated activity, non-episodic memory, and emotional salience in sleep | p. 119 |
Dreams have meaning but no function | p. 121 |
Sleep, not REM sleep, is the royal road to dreams | p. 122 |
REM sleep deprivation: The wrong paradigm leading to wrong conclusions | p. 123 |
REM and NREM mentation: Nielsen's model once again supports the supremacy of REM | p. 124 |
How and why the brain makes dreams: A report card on current research on dreaming | p. 125 |
REM sleep = dreaming: The never-ending story | p. 127 |
Mental states during dreaming and daydreaming: Some methodological loopholes | p. 128 |
Play, dreams, and simulation | p. 129 |
Iterative processing of information during sleep may improve consolidation | p. 130 |
Conceptual coordination bridges information processing and neurophysiology | p. 130 |
The divorce of REM sleep and dreaming | p. 133 |
Shedding old assumptions and consolidating what we know: Toward an attention-based model of dreaming | p. 135 |
Needed: A new theory | p. 139 |
Mesolimbic dopamine and the neuropsychology of dreaming: Some caution and reconsiderations | p. 141 |
REM sleep: Desperately seeking isomorphism | p. 142 |
The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep: Balderdash! | p. 145 |
Dreaming is not an adaptation | p. 147 |
Sleep, dreaming, and brain activation | p. 150 |
The prevalence of typical dream themes challenges the specificity of the threat simulation theory | p. 151 |
Each distinct type of mental state is supported by specific brain functions | p. 152 |
Where is the forest? Where is the dream? | p. 154 |
State-dependent modulation of cognitive function | p. 156 |
The dramaturgy of dreams in Pleistocene minds and our own | p. 157 |
The waking-to-dreaming continuum, and the effects of emotion | p. 158 |
Reflexive and orienting properties of REM sleep dreaming and eye movements | p. 161 |
The ghost of Sigmund Freud haunts Mark Solms's dream theory | p. 162 |
Dreaming as play | p. 164 |
New multiplicities of dreaming and REMing | p. 164 |
The interpretation of physiology | p. 166 |
The "problem" of dreaming in NREM sleep continues to challenge reductionist (two generator) models of dream generation | p. 167 |
A new approach for explaining dreaming and REM sleep mechanisms | p. 169 |
Dreaming has content and meaning not just form | p. 170 |
Papez dreams: Mechanism and phenomenology of dreaming | p. 172 |
Lucid dreaming: Evidence and methodology | p. 173 |
All brain work - including recall - is state-dependent | p. 176 |
Nightmares: Friend or foe? | p. 177 |
Koch's postulates confirm cholinergic modulation of REM sleep | p. 178 |
"Spandrels of the night?" | p. 178 |
Dream production is not chaotic | p. 179 |
Novel concepts of sleep-wakefullness and neuronal information coding | p. 180 |
Sleep can be related to memory, even if REM sleep is not | p. 183 |
The illusory function of dreams: Another example of cognitive bias | p. 183 |
A more general evolutionary hypothesis about dream function | p. 184 |
Sorting out additions to the understanding of cognition during sleep | p. 185 |
Dreams and sleep: Are new schemas revealing? | p. 188 |
Critical brain characteristics to consider in developing dream and memory theories | p. 189 |
Post-traumatic nightmares as a dysfunctional state | p. 190 |
Insights from functional neuroimaging studies of behavioral state regulation in healthy and depressed subjects | p. 191 |
Toward a new neuropsychological isomorphism | p. 192 |
Expanding Nielsen's covert REM model, questioning Solms's approach to dreaming and REM sleep, and re-interpreting the Vertes & Eastman view of REM sleep and memory | p. 193 |
Nielsen's concept of covert REM sleep is a path toward a more realistic view of sleep psychophysiology | p. 195 |
Dreaming is not a non-conscious electrophysiologic state | p. 196 |
"The dream of reason creates monsters" ... especially when we neglect the role of emotions in REM-states | p. 200 |
Neurotransmitter mechanisms of dreaming: Implication of modulatory systems based on dream intensity | p. 202 |
Metaphoric threat is more real than real threat | p. 204 |
One machinery, multiple cognitive states: The value of the AIM model | p. 205 |
Neural constraints on cognition in sleep | p. 206 |
The contents of consciousness during sleep: Some theoretical problems | p. 207 |
Search activity: A key to resolving contradictions in sleep/dream investigation | p. 208 |
Some myths are slow to die | p. 211 |
Time course of dreaming and sleep organization | p. 212 |
Dream research: Integration of physiological and psychological models | p. 213 |
Threat simulation, dreams, and domain-specificity | p. 216 |
Continued vitality of the Freudian theory of dreaming | p. 216 |
Phylogenetic date bearing on the REM sleep learning connection | p. 219 |
Evaluating the relationship between REM and memory consolidation: A need for scholarship and hypothesis testing | p. 219 |
The mechanism of the REM state is more than a sum of its parts | p. 220 |
Neuronal basis of dreaming and mentation during slow-wave (non-REM) sleep | p. 221 |
Inclusive versus exclusive approaches to sleep and dream research | p. 223 |
Evolutionary psychology can ill afford adaptionist and mentalist credulity | p. 225 |
Critique of current dream theories | p. 226 |
The pharmacologyof threatening dreams | p. 228 |
Threat perceptions and avoidance in recurrent dreams | p. 229 |
Authors' Responses | |
Dream science 2000: A response to commentaries on Dreaming and the brain | p. 231 |
Forebrain mechanisms of dreaming are activated from a variety of sources | p. 247 |
Covert REM sleep effects on REM mentation: Further methodological considerations and supporting evidence | p. 252 |
REM sleep is not committed to memory | p. 269 |
Did ancestral humans dream for their lives? | p. 275 |
References | p. 295 |
Postscript: Recent findings on the neurobiology of sleep and dreaming | p. 335 |
Index | p. 351 |