Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 - Olive oil production sector: environmental effects and sustainability challenges -- 1.1 - Introduction -- 1.2 - Olive fruit processing and olive oil production technologies -- 1.2.1 - Traditional discontinuous press system -- 1.2.2 - Continuous centrifugal extractions -- 1.2.3 - Feeding, leaf removal, and washing -- 1.2.4 - Crushing -- 1.2.5 - Malaxation -- 1.2.6 - Horizontal centrifugation -- 1.2.7 - Oil clarification -- 1.3 - Water consumption for olive oil production -- 1.4 - Wastes and wastewaters generated during olive oil production -- 1.5 - Environmental effects of OMWW -- 1.5.1 - Effects on atmosphere -- 1.5.2 - Effects on aquatic life and water resources -- 1.5.3 - Effect on crops and soil -- 1.6 - Sustainable management of OMWW: treatment versus valorization -- 1.7 - Conclusions and future directives -- References -- Chapter 2 - Olive mill waste: recent advances for the sustainable development of olive oil industry -- 2.1 - Introduction -- 2.1.1 - Effects of olive mill wastes disposal on soil and water -- 2.1.2 - Olive mill wastes generation and treatment technologies -- 2.2 - Analysis of European and Mediterranean countries legislative frameworks -- 2.2.1 - Italy -- 2.2.2 - Spain -- 2.2.3 - Greece -- 2.2.4 - Portugal -- 2.2.5 - Cyprus -- 2.3 - Potential use of OMWW for olive trees irrigation and fertilization -- 2.3.1 - Irrigation systems and critical aspects -- 2.3.2 - Economical aspects related to watering systems -- 2.3.3 - Filtration -- 2.4 - Soil remediation techniques -- 2.4.1 - In situ bioremediation (biopiling) at OMW disposal areas -- 2.4.2 - Clinoptilolite as soil amendment at OMW disposal areas -- 2.5 - Integrated strategy, measures, and means suitable for mediterranean countries -- 2.5.1 - Legislative proposals.

2.5.2 - Building a strategy to protect soil at OMW disposal areas -- 2.5.2.1 - Identification of Potential and Current Waste Disposal Areas and Recording Them in a GIS Geo-Database -- 2.5.2.2 - Characterization of Disposal Areas-Risk Assessment -- 2.5.2.3 - Evaluation of Risk Level -- 2.5.2.4 - Adoption of Soil Quality Indicators and Thresholds -- 2.5.2.5 - Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of the Wastes -- 2.5.2.6 - Land Suitability Maps-Defining the Conditions of Landspreading -- 2.5.2.7 - Quantification of Landspreading-Doses Estimation -- 2.5.2.8 - Soil Monitoring -- 2.5.2.9 - Code of Good Practices for Soil Management -- References -- Chapter 3 - The biorefinery concept for the industrial valorization of residues from olive oil industry -- 3.1 - Introduction -- 3.2 - Biomass residues from olive crop and olive-oil industry -- 3.3 - Revalorization technologies to convert olive residues into by-products and biofuels -- 3.3.1 - Processes for low/medium-moisture residues -- 3.3.1.1 - Direct Conversion to Heat, Steam, and Electricity -- 3.3.1.2 - Biochemical/Chemical Conversion Routes -- 3.3.1.2.1 - Preprocessing Strategies -- 3.3.1.2.2 - Carbohydrate Conversion -- 3.3.1.2.3 - Lignin Conversion -- 3.3.2 - Processes for high-moisture residues -- 3.3.2.1 - Preprocessing -- 3.3.2.2 - Agricultural Uses of Extracted OMWW -- 3.3.2.3 - Production of Bioenergy and Biofuels -- 3.3.3 - Other conversion processes -- 3.4 - Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4 - Energy recovery alternatives for the sustainable management of olive oil industry -- 4.1 - Introduction -- 4.2 - Elemental and proximal analysis of olive mill solid waste -- 4.2.1 - Standards for solid biofuels -- 4.2.2 - Elemental analysis of crude olive kernel -- 4.3 - Upgraded solid biofuels -- 4.3.1 - Pelletizing -- 4.3.2 - Torrefaction.

4.4 - Thermochemical conversion -- 4.4.1 - Pyrolysis -- 4.4.2 - Gasification -- 4.5 - Combustion -- 4.5.1 - Combustion boilers minimum legislative requirements -- 4.5.2 - Combustion emissions -- 4.5.3 - Combustion kinetics -- 4.6 - Environmental assessment of technology alternatives -- 4.7 - Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 - Reuse of olive mill waste as soil amendment -- 5.1 - Introduction -- 5.2 - Agronomic use of OMWW -- 5.2.1 - The agronomic properties of the OMWW -- 5.2.1.1 - Fertigation -- 5.2.1.2 - Biological Activity -- 5.2.2 - Techniques of storage and spreading of OMWW -- 5.2.2.1 - Spreading Load -- 5.2.2.2 - Physical and Physical-Chemical Treatments of OMWW -- 5.2.2.3 - Risks of Groundwater Pollution -- 5.2.2.4 - Time of Spreading -- 5.2.2.5 - Storage and Transport -- 5.3 - Agronomic use of pomace -- 5.3.1 - Characteristics of pomace -- 5.3.2 - The agronomic properties of the pomace -- 5.3.3 - Soil amendment -- 5.3.3.1 - Physical Characteristics -- 5.3.3.2 - Chemical Characteristics -- 5.3.3.3 - Biological Activity -- 5.3.3.4 - Weed Control -- 5.3.3.5 - Effect of Pomace-Amendment on Crops -- 5.3.4 - Modalities of storage and spreading of pomace -- 5.4 - Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 - Industrial case studies on the detoxificaton of OMWW using Fenton oxidation process followed by biological processe... -- 6.1 - Introduction -- 6.2 - Aerobic and anaerobic treatment of OMWW -- 6.3 - Composting and cocomposting of OMWW -- 6.4 - Case studies of OMWW cocomposting with agricultural solid residues -- 6.5 - Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) -- 6.6 - Fenton oxidation -- 6.7 - Laboratory-scale trials on OMWW detoxification -- 6.8 - Olive mill cocomposting case studies -- 6.8.1 - Advanced biorefineries projects on olive mill wastes -- 6.8.2 - The case of Agios Konstantinos -- 6.8.3 - The case of Organohumiki Thrakis P.C.

6.9 - Economic perspectives of OMWW and Olive Kernel biorefinery -- 6.10 - Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 - Integrated biological treatment of olive mill waste combining aerobic biological treatment, constructed wetlands, a... -- 7.1 - Introduction -- 7.1.1 - Olive mill wastes (OMW) -- 7.1.2 - Characteristics of OMW in Greece -- 7.1.3 - OMW treatment methods -- 7.2 - Integrated biological approaches for olive mill waste treatment -- 7.2.1 - Aerobic biological treatment of OMW using trickling filters -- 7.2.1.1 - Laboratory and Pilot-Scale Trickling Filters -- 7.2.1.2 - Full-Scale Trickling Filter-A Case Study -- 7.2.2 - The coagulation-flocculation process as a posttreatment step -- 7.2.3 - Constructed wetlands as a posttreatment step -- 7.2.3.1 - Pilot-scale units -- 7.2.3.2 - Full-Scale Unit -- 7.2.4 - Composting -- 7.3 - Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 - Cocomposting of olive mill waste for the production of soil amendments -- 8.1 - Introduction -- 8.2 - Factors affecting OMW composting -- 8.2.1 - Compost temperature and duration -- 8.2.2 - Organic matter degradation -- 8.2.3 - C/N ratio -- 8.2.4 - Compost phytotoxicity and microbial activity indicators -- 8.2.5 - Physicochemical parameters -- 8.3 - Case studies of olive mill composting -- 8.3.1 - Pilot-scale composting units -- 8.3.2 - Full-scale composting units -- 8.4 - Mathematical modeling of the OMW composting process -- 8.4.1 - Model development -- 8.4.2 - Model evaluation and results -- 8.5 - Conclusions -- Nomenclature -- References -- Chapter 9 - The use of olive mill waste to promote phytoremediation -- 9.1 - Olive oil industry by-products and main characteristics -- 9.1.1 - OMWs composting -- 9.1.2 - Biochar production -- 9.2 - Restoration of trace elements contaminated soils.

9.2.1 - Soil contamination with trace elements: sources, associated problems, and remediation strategies -- 9.2.2 - Contaminated soils associated problems and recovery -- 9.2.3 - Phytoremediation of contaminated soils -- 9.2.4 - The use of organic wastes as soil amendments in restoration procedures -- 9.3 - The use of fresh and processed OMWs in phytoremediation -- 9.3.1 - Trace elements solubility and fractionation in OMWs treated soils -- 9.3.2 - Nutrients availability -- 9.3.3 - Soil biological properties -- 9.3.4 - Plant establishment and trace element uptake -- 9.3.5 - Ecotoxicity -- 9.4 - Final considerations -- References -- Chapter 10 - Recovery of bioactive compounds from olive mill waste -- 10.1 - Introduction -- 10.2 - Target bioactive compounds of OMWW -- 10.2.1 - Bioactive phenols -- 10.2.2 - Hydroxytyrosol -- 10.2.3 - Dietary fiber -- 10.3 - An integrated approach for the recovery of bioactive compounds from olive oil processing by-products -- 10.3.1 - Pretreatment of olive oil processing by-products -- 10.3.2 - Separation of smaller and larger compounds -- 10.3.3 - Extraction -- 10.3.4 - Clarification or isolation -- 10.3.5 - Encapsulation -- 10.4 - A case scenario for the recovery of bioactive compounds from OMWW using the 5-Stages Universal Recovery Process -- 10.5 - Membrane applications for the recovery of phenols -- 10.6 - The current state of the art in the market of phenols recovered from olive processing by-products -- 10.7 - Future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 11 - Applications of recovered bioactive compounds in food products -- 11.1 - Introduction -- 11.2 - Valorization of OMWW for recovery purposes -- 11.3 - Recovery and formulation of high added-value compounds from OMWW -- 11.4 - Antioxidant and functional applications in foods -- 11.4.1 - Antioxidant properties of OMWW-phenols.

11.4.2 - Fortification of oils and preservation of fats with polyphenols.