Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Table of Contents -- List of acronyms and abbreviations -- Executive summary -- Part I. Agricultural policies: Monitoring and evaluation 2012 OECD countries -- Chapter 1. Evaluation of developments in agricultural policy and support -- 1.1. Key economic and market developments -- Figure 1.1. Commodity prices index, 2006 to 2012 -- 1.2. Main changes in agricultural policies -- Box 1.1. OECD Contributions to the G20 Agenda on Food and Agriculture -- OECD countries are set to introduce new agricultural policy frameworks affected by fiscal tightening -- Box 1.2. European Commission proposals for the Common Agricultural Policy post-2013 -- Policies are only gradually re-focussing on innovation and productivity -- Managing the interaction between agriculture and the environment remains a challenge… -- ... in particular, an efficient response to climate change -- Some events overwhelmed ex ante disaster programmes… -- … market instruments for risk management continue to develop, driven by public support… -- … while risks related to plant, animal and human health triggered policy action and new regulations -- Programmes aiming to support farm income represent a significant share of support, but there has been little development in this area -- However, production and trade distorting policies remain… -- … while concerns about the competitive structure of agro-food markets persist… -- ... and some policy responses unfolded -- Doha negotiations are in an impasse while Russia is set to become a member of WTO… -- Box 1.3. Russia's WTO accession and commitments in agriculture -- ... while the WTO dispute settlement mechanisms remain active... -- … and more countries are pursuing broader regional and bilateral free trade agreements -- 1.3. Developments in agricultural support.

Producer support in the OECD area fell slightly in 2011 and reached an historical low -- Figure 1.2. Evolution of OECD support indicators, 1986-2011 -- In most OECD countries support declined only modestly or remained unchanged in 2011 -- Figure 1.3. Producer Support Estimates by country, 2010 and 2011 -- Box 1.4. What drove changes in the monetary value of support in 2011? -- Figure 1.4. Contribution of various factors to the change in the Producer Support Estimate in 2011 -- In the long run, support is declining in all countries but differences in levels remain large -- Figure 1.5. Producer Support Estimate by country, 1995-97 and 2009-11 -- Countries differ significantly in the ways they provide support -- Figure 1.6. Composition of Producer Support Estimate by country, 2009-11 -- Most countries moved towards less distortive support by reducing agricultural protection… -- Figure 1.7. Producer Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC) by country, 1995-97 and 2009-11 -- … increasing the use of payments that are more decoupled from current production… -- Figure 1.8. Use and composition of support based on area, animal numbers, receipts and income by country, 1995-97 and 2009-11 -- … and providing less support tied to specific commodities -- Figure 1.9. OECD: Single Commodity Transfers, 1995-97 and 2009-11 -- However, reduced policy distortions in recent years are mostly due to high world prices -- Support to general services for the sector continues to gain in importance -- Figure 1.10. Composition of General Services Support Estimate by country, 2009-11 -- Consumers of agricultural commodities have benefited from the reductions in price support... -- Figure 1.11. Consumer Support Estimate by country, 1995-97 and 2009-11 -- … while support relative to national income falls -- Figure 1.12. Total Support Estimate by country, 1995-97 and 2009-11.

The trajectories of support in the emerging economies differ from those in OECD countries -- Box 1.5. Agricultural support trends in emerging economies -- Figure 1.13. Emerging Economies: Producer Support Estimate by country, 1995-97 and 2008-10 -- Figure 1.14. Emerging Economies: Total Support Estimate by country, 1995-97 and 2008-10 -- 1.4. Assessment of reforms -- Less and better support… -- Figure 1.15. Changes in level and composition of producer support, per country -- ... implies supporting farm incomes with fewer production distortions… -- Figure 1.16. Changes in degree of decoupling and income impact, 1986-2010 -- ... and provides an opportunity to address current policy priorities -- Notes -- References -- Annex 1.A1. Measuring the impact of policy reform: PEM-based policy impact indicators -- Figure 1.A1.1. Production-impact ad valorem index by country, 1986-2010 -- Figure 1.A1.2. Estimated impacts of change in least distorting support on production and income, 1986-2010 -- Annex 1.A2. Definition of OECD indicators of agricultural support -- Box 1.A2.1. Definitions of categories in the PSE classification -- Chapter 2. Fostering innovation and productivity growth in agriculture -- 2.1. Agricultural productivity and sustainability: Trends and differences -- Productivity measure: Trends and diversity -- Table 2.1. Developments in global and regional Total Factor Productivity -- Table 2.2. Developments in Total Factor Productivity in OECD countries and emerging economies -- Figure 2.1. Annual growth rates in world crop yields (%) -- Trends in resource use and availability -- Table 2.3. OECD Agriculture's use of natural resources, farm inputs and contribution to water and air emissions of importance to the environmental performance of agriculture, 2007-09 -- 2.2. Some factors determining agricultural productivity -- The need for innovation.

Policies and regulations -- Farm structural characteristics -- Market conditions -- Natural environment -- Resource availability -- 2.3. Improving Agricultural Innovation Systems -- The case for an Agricultural Innovation Systems approach -- Table 2.4. Defining features in relation with the agricultural innovation systems -- Overview of agricultural education, R&D and extension systems -- Box 2.1. Common approaches to financing innovation -- Table 2.5. Advisory services in OECD countries -- General trends in Agricultural Innovation Systems institutions -- Trends in R&D and extension funding -- Figure 2.2. Government expenditures on agricultural R&D -- Figure 2.3. Government expenditures on extension services -- Figure 2.4. Share of government expenditures on extension services -- Fostering national Agricultural Innovation Systems -- Box 2.2. Models for pull mechanisms -- Key issues for improving Agricultural Innovation Systems -- 2.4. The policy challenge -- Trends in agricultural policies -- Figure 2.5. Payments with constraints on production practices -- Agricultural policies fostering productivity growth sustainably -- 2.5. Strengthening policy coherence -- Notes -- References -- Annex 2.A1. Background material -- Table 2.A1.1. Developments in world crop yields, 1961-2010 -- Table 2.A1.2. Differences in yields across regions, 2008-10 -- Table 2.A1.3. Developments in wheat yields in OECD countries and emerging economies, 1961-2010 -- Table 2.A1.4. Developments in maize yields in OECD countries and emerging economies, 1961-2010 -- Table 2.A1.5. Developments in rice yields in OECD countries and emerging economies, 1961-2010 -- Part II. Country chapters -- Chapter 3. Developments in agricultural support in the OECD area -- The level and composition of agricultural support in the OECD area.

Figure 3.1. OECD: Composition of Producer Support Estimate, 1986-2011 -- Table 3.1. OECD: estimates of support to agriculture -- Table 3.2. OECD: Estimates of support to agriculture -- Box 3.1. Use of PSE in evaluating annual changes in agricultural supportfor the OECD area as a whole -- Development of support to agriculture -- PSE as % of receipts (%PSE) -- Potentially most distorting support as % of PSE -- Ratio of producer price to border price (NPC) -- TSE as % of GDP -- Decomposition of change in PSE, 2010 to 2011 -- Transfer to specific commodities (SCT), 2009-11 -- Chapter 4. Australia -- Evaluation of policy developments -- Figure 4.1. Australia: PSE level and composition by support categories, 1986-2011 -- Contextual information -- Table 4.1. Australia: Contextual indicators, 1995, 2010 -- Figure 4.2. Australia: Main macroeconomic indicators, 1995-2011 -- Figure 4.3. Australia: Agro-food trade, 1995-2010 -- Development of support to agriculture -- PSE as % of receipts (%PSE) -- Potentially most distorting support as % of PSE -- Ratio of producer price to border price (NPC) -- TSE as % of GDP -- Decomposition of change in PSE, 2010 to 2011 -- Transfer to specific commodities (SCT), 2009-11 -- Table 4.2. Australia: Estimates of support to agriculture -- Description of policy developments -- Main policy instruments -- Domestic policy developments in 2011-2012 -- Trade Policy developments in 2011-2012 -- Chapter 5. Canada -- Box 5.1. Evaluation of policy developments -- Figure 5.1. Canada: PSE level and composition by support categories, 1986-2011 -- Contextual information -- Table 5.1. Canada: Contextual indicators, 1995, 2010 -- Figure 5.2. Canada: Main macroeconomic indicators, 1995-2011 -- Figure 5.3. Canada: Agro-food trade, 1995-2010 -- Development of support to agriculture -- PSE as % of receipts (%PSE).

Potentially most distorting support as % of PSE.