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Summary
Summary
Highlighting the inter-relationships between tourism, leisure and recreation, this revised edition introduces growing theoretical debates (from geography and the wider social science arena) to assess how new conceptualizations of tourism and leisure are advancing knowledge and understanding.
Underpinning this book is the concept of the evolving nature of geography and social science, and their role in leading the analysis of the leisure phenomenon as a living subject, which has recently seen significant contributions from the new cultural geographies of consumption and leisure. These developments are clearly introduced, giving readers new to the subject area bite-sized introductions to key issues.
Whilst this third edition retains the successful format and structure of previous editions, making it attractive and user-friendly to students without being overwhelming, it is completely revised and redeveloped to accommodate new case studies, insights, summary points and learning objectives. It is the only book to systematically compare and contrast in a spatial context, tourism and recreation in relation to leisure time, and its encyclopaedic reference section provides an excellent resource for new students. Retaining a global focus, this edition now features a greater emphasis on North America, and investigates the importance of less developed countries and the critical issues surrounding inequality, exploitation, underdevelopment and globalization as powerful forces affecting tourism and leisure.
Author Notes
Stephen J. Page is Scottish Enterprise Forth Valley Chair in Tourism, Department of Marketing, University of Stirling, Scotland.
Table of Contents
List of plates | p. xi |
List of figures | p. xv |
List of tables | p. xvii |
Acknowledgements | p. xix |
1 Introduction: Tourism Matters! | p. 1 |
Tourism, Recreation, Leisure and Mobility | p. 3 |
The Issue of Scale: Empiricism, Paradigms and Transformations | p. 7 |
Development of the Geography of Tourism and Recreation | p. 8 |
Status of the Geography of Tourism and Recreation | p. 11 |
Knowledge | p. 12 |
Action: Development of an Applied Geography of Tourism and Recreation | p. 20 |
Culture | p. 24 |
Insight: The Geography of Tourism and Recreation Outside the Anglo-American Tradition | p. 28 |
Transforming the Geography of Tourism and Recreation | p. 30 |
Questions | p. 32 |
Reading | p. 32 |
2 The Demand for Recreation and Tourism | p. 33 |
Geographers and Demand: Historical Perspectives | p. 33 |
Recreational Demand | p. 35 |
Barriers to Recreation | p. 41 |
Seasonality | p. 43 |
Financial Resources and Access to Recreational Opportunity | p. 44 |
Gender and Social Constraints | p. 45 |
The Geography of Fear in Recreation and Leisure Spaces: Gender-based Barriers to Participation | p. 46 |
Case Study: The Geography of Fear and Recreational Participation Implications for Exclusion | p. 47 |
The Geography of Fear and Urban Park Use in Leicester | p. 48 |
Summary Points | p. 50 |
Social Exclusion: Conditioning Leisure Participation | p. 50 |
Resources and Fashions | p. 52 |
Walking as a Leisure Pursuit: A Function of Resources and Fashion | p. 53 |
Case Study: Myles Dunphy and the Australian Bushwalking Movement | p. 54 |
Measuring Recreational Demand | p. 57 |
Problems and Methods of Measuring Recreational Demand | p. 57 |
Time Budget Survey Techniques | p. 58 |
National Evaluations of Recreational Demand: International Perspectives | p. 61 |
Regional Demand for Leisure and Recreation in London | p. 64 |
Spatial Analysis of Demand at the Micro Level: Site Surveys | p. 65 |
Tourism Demand | p. 67 |
What is Tourism Demand? | p. 68 |
Tourist Motivation | p. 68 |
Maslow's Hierarchy Model and Tourist Motivation | p. 70 |
Measurement of Tourism Demand: Tourism Statistics | p. 73 |
Defining Tourism | p. 75 |
Technical Definitions of Tourism | p. 76 |
Domestic Tourism Statistics | p. 79 |
International Tourism Statistics | p. 81 |
Methodological Issues | p. 82 |
Patterns of Tourism: International Perspectives | p. 84 |
Patterns of Global Tourism | p. 84 |
Patterns of Domestic Tourism | p. 86 |
New Zealand Domestic Tourism Survey | p. 87 |
Conclusions | p. 89 |
Questions | p. 90 |
Reading | p. 90 |
3 The Supply of Recreation and Tourism | p. 92 |
The Supply Factor in Recreation | p. 92 |
How has the Geographer Approached the Analysis of Recreational Supply Issues? | p. 93 |
Insight: Local Authority Expenditure on Leisure and Recreation Provision - Walsall Metropolitan Borough Council | p. 95 |
Descriptive Research on Location and Travel | p. 97 |
Explanatory Research on Location and Travel | p. 99 |
Predictive Research on Location | p. 100 |
Normative Research on Location | p. 101 |
Supply and Demand in Recreational Contexts: Spatial Interactions | p. 102 |
The Green Belt Concept | p. 105 |
Insight: Country Parks as a Spatial Recreational Tool: Intercepting Urban Recreationalists Seeking the Countryside | p. 106 |
Multiple Use of Recreational Resources | p. 109 |
The Supply of Tourism | p. 109 |
Insight: The Destination Life Cycle | p. 112 |
Towards a Critical Geography of Tourism Production | p. 114 |
Insight: Economic Globalisation | p. 118 |
International Hotel Chains | p. 120 |
The Leisure Product | p. 123 |
Role of the Public and Private Sector in Tourism Supply | p. 123 |
Spatial Analytical Approaches to the Supply of Tourism Facilities | p. 127 |
Tourist Facilities | p. 132 |
Insight: Towards Geographical Analyses of Hospitality: Research Agendas | p. 137 |
Conclusion | p. 142 |
Questions | p. 142 |
Reading | p. 143 |
4 The Impacts of Tourism and Recreation | p. 144 |
Impacts: Recreation Resource Management | p. 144 |
Carrying Capacity | p. 147 |
Insight: The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum | p. 150 |
The Limits of Acceptable Change | p. 150 |
Insight: The Tourism Optimisation Management Model (TOMM) | p. 151 |
Economic Analysis | p. 154 |
Insight: The Economic Impact of Events | p. 158 |
Analysis of Tourism's Social Impacts | p. 159 |
Insight: Trafficking, Sex Tourism and Slavery | p. 163 |
Physical Environmental Impacts | p. 165 |
Conclusion | p. 170 |
Questions | p. 170 |
Reading | p. 171 |
5 Urban Recreation and Tourism | p. 172 |
Insight: Stanley Park, Vancouver | p. 173 |
Geographical Approaches to Urban Recreation | p. 174 |
Evolution of Urban Recreation in Britain | p. 174 |
Urban Recreation: A Socio-geographic Perspective | p. 175 |
The 1800s | p. 177 |
The 1840s | p. 177 |
The 1880s | p. 178 |
The 1920s | p. 178 |
The 1960s and Beyond | p. 178 |
Case Study: The Evolution of Parks and Open Space in Victorian Leicester | p. 180 |
Park Development in Victorian Leicester | p. 181 |
Post-Victorian Park Development | p. 181 |
Summary Points | p. 185 |
Methods of Analysing Urban Recreation | p. 185 |
Urban Recreational Planning | p. 188 |
Open Space Planning: Spatial Principles | p. 189 |
Case Study: The Management, Planning and Provision of Parks and Open Space in the London Borough of Newham | p. 192 |
Urban Park and Open Space Provision in London | p. 193 |
The London Borough of Newham | p. 194 |
Summary Points | p. 196 |
Urban Tourism | p. 196 |
Understanding the Neglect of Urban Tourism by Researchers | p. 197 |
Approaches to Urban Tourism: Geographical Analysis | p. 198 |
The Tourist Experience of Urban Tourism | p. 201 |
Insight: Tourism in Capital Cities | p. 203 |
The Urban Tourism Market: Data Sources | p. 205 |
Urban Tourism: Behavioural Issues | p. 206 |
Tourist Perception and Cognition of the Urban Environment | p. 208 |
Tourism Cognitive Mapping | p. 212 |
Insight: The Value of Urban Heritage Resources | p. 213 |
Service Quality Issues in Urban Tourism | p. 216 |
Significance of Urban Tourism | p. 217 |
Conclusion | p. 221 |
Questions | p. 221 |
Reading | p. 222 |
6 Rural Recreation and Tourism | p. 223 |
In Pursuit of the Concept of 'Rural' | p. 224 |
Conceptualising the Rural Recreation-Tourism Dichotomy | p. 226 |
The Geographer's Contribution to Theoretical Debate in Rural Contexts | p. 227 |
Towards a Concept of Rural Tourism | p. 230 |
What Makes Rural Tourism Distinctive? | p. 230 |
Rural Recreation and Tourism in Historical Perspective | p. 232 |
The Geographer's Approach to Rural Recreation and Tourism | p. 233 |
Studies of Demand | p. 233 |
Supply of Rural Recreation | p. 236 |
Impact of Rural Recreation | p. 237 |
Insight: Second Homes in the Countryside | p. 238 |
Rural Tourism: Spatial Analytical Approaches | p. 241 |
Impact of Rural Tourism | p. 241 |
Economic Impact | p. 242 |
Environmental Effects of Rural Tourism | p. 244 |
Insight: Wine, Food and Tourism | p. 244 |
Recreation, Tourism and Sustainability | p. 250 |
Conclusion | p. 251 |
Questions | p. 252 |
Reading | p. 252 |
7 Tourism and Recreation in the Pleasure Periphery: Wilderness and National Parks | p. 253 |
The Changing Meaning of Wilderness in Western Society | p. 253 |
Insight: What is the effect of World Heritage listing? | p. 261 |
Environmental History of National Parks and Wilderness Areas | p. 262 |
The Value of Wilderness | p. 263 |
Insight: National Parks and Indigenous Peoples | p. 267 |
Identifying Wilderness | p. 269 |
Case Study: Wilderness Inventory in Australia | p. 269 |
Wilderness Inventories | p. 270 |
From Identification to Preservation | p. 277 |
Summary Points | p. 278 |
Tourist and Recreational Demand for Wilderness, National Parks and Natural Areas | p. 278 |
Supplying the Wilderness and Outdoor Recreation Experience | p. 284 |
Insight: Peripheral Areas, Wilderness and Global Environmental Change | p. 288 |
Conclusion | p. 290 |
Questions | p. 290 |
Reading | p. 290 |
8 Coastal and Marine Recreation and Tourism | p. 291 |
Coastline as a Recreation and Tourist Resource: Its Discovery and Recognition as a Leisure Resource | p. 292 |
The Geographer's Contribution to the Analysis of Coastal Recreation and Tourism | p. 296 |
Historical Analysis of Recreation and Tourism in the Coastal Zone | p. 298 |
Insight: Promotion of the Seaside Resort: Place-Promotion Strategies | p. 298 |
Models of Coastal Recreation and Tourism | p. 300 |
Tourist and Recreational Travel to the Coast | p. 302 |
Tourist and Recreational Behaviour: Use and Activity Patterns in Coastal Environments | p. 303 |
Environmental Perspectives on Coastal Recreation and Tourism | p. 307 |
Integrated Coastal Zone Management | p. 309 |
Insight: Cruise Tourism | p. 311 |
Conclusion | p. 312 |
Questions | p. 314 |
Reading | p. 314 |
9 Tourism and Recreation Planning and Policy | p. 315 |
Recreation Planning Policy | p. 315 |
The Evolution of Leisure and Recreation Planning | p. 315 |
Recreation Planning: The Concern with Space and Place | p. 317 |
Tourism Planning and Policy | p. 320 |
What is Tourism Planning? | p. 321 |
Approaches to Tourism Planning | p. 323 |
Co-operative and Integrated Control Systems | p. 327 |
Insight: The Changing Role of Government and Sustainability | p. 328 |
Development of Industry Co-ordination Mechanisms | p. 330 |
Raising Consumer Awareness | p. 331 |
Raising Producer Awareness | p. 331 |
Insight: International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) | p. 332 |
Strategic Planning to Supersede Conventional Approaches | p. 332 |
Insight: Singapore: Tourism 21 | p. 334 |
Tourism Policy | p. 335 |
Conclusion | p. 339 |
Questions | p. 341 |
Reading | p. 342 |
10 The Future | p. 343 |
Geography - The Discipline: Direction and Progress | p. 344 |
Revisiting Applied Geography | p. 345 |
Contributions | p. 348 |
The Role of GIS and Tourism: A Tool for Applied Geographic Research | p. 350 |
The Role of the Geographer in the New Millennium: Whither Tourism and Recreation? | p. 352 |
Insight: The Future - The Ageing Population | p. 355 |
Transformations? | p. 356 |
Questions | p. 357 |
Reading | p. 358 |
Bibliography | p. 359 |
Index | p. 424 |