Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Map -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction and Organization of the Book -- Part I: Nature-based tourism: Concepts and emerging challenges -- Chapter 1: Nature-based tourism: Before, during, and after COVID-19 -- Introduction and context -- Nature-based tourism before COVID-19 -- Nature-based tourism during COVID-19 -- Relaxation of lockdown and increased tourism activity in the natural environment -- What could nature-based tourism look like after COVID-19? -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: The most vulnerable and least heard: Advocating for animal justice in tourism -- Introduction -- Review of literature -- Methods -- Data analysis and results -- Lilongwe Wildlife Trust (LWT), Malawi, East Africa: analysis -- Findings -- Edgar's Mission Farm Sanctuary, Victoria, Australia: analysis -- Findings -- Animal Justice, Canada: analysis -- Findings -- Discussion and implications for the tourism industry -- Limitations and future research -- Conclusion -- Declaration of interest -- References -- Chapter 3: A critical inquiry into the Sustainability of NBT: Responsibility of the traveler -- Introduction -- Travelers and nature-based tourism -- Methods of the study -- Data collection -- Data analysis -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: A case story of the connection between woodlands, landscape, and nature-based recreation in upland England -- Introduction -- Methods -- Introducing the case study -- Assessing the economic value of nature-based recreation using TESSA -- Assessing local stakeholder perspectives on nature-based recreation -- Results -- Assessing the economic value of nature-based recreation.

Assessing local stakeholder perspectives on nature-based recreation -- Viewpoint 1 - "Not enough is done to protect the environment" -- Viewpoint 2 - "Changing the landscape is changing us" -- Viewpoint 3 - "Let's not let our emotions get in the way - seeing the bigger picture" -- The value of interrelation and interdisciplinary approaches -- Concluding comments -- References -- Chapter 5: Cooperation in niches of the nature-based tourism industry: The case of mountain guiding in Norway -- Introduction: the suppliers of nature-based tourism products and the need for collaboration -- Cooperation and knowledge development in a tourism context -- Cooperation and knowledge transfer in nature-based tourism -- Context: Mountain guiding in Norway -- Methodological considerations -- Findings and analysis -- Cooperation within the niche -- Cooperation with tourism actors outside the niche -- Knowledge fields and boundary spanners -- Conclusions -- Note -- References -- Chapter 6: Ecotourism, wildlife festivals, and sustainability: Are objectives, strategies, and outcomes aligned? -- Introduction -- Literature review -- Objectives, strategies, and outcomes -- Ecotourism and wildlife festivals -- Purpose -- Methods -- Results -- Festival characteristics -- Festival objectives -- Festival clusters -- Festival strategies -- Festival outcomes -- Alignment of festival objectives, strategies, and outcomes -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Disclosure statement -- References -- Chapter 7: The role of the local community in the repositioning process of Taranto as a sustainable tourist destination -- Introduction -- Literature review -- City image, positioning and urban social sustainability -- The city of Taranto -- Research aim and methodology -- Findings -- The ongoing urban renovation process -- The role of the public institutions involved.

The position and attitude of private subjects -- The residents' behaviour and their level of involvement in the different phases -- Discussion and conclusions -- References -- Part II: Management and planning of nature-based tourism development -- Chapter 8: Furthering protected area tourism and visitor management and planning: Synthesis study of Croatian experiences with proposals for improving the framework -- Introduction -- Study site description -- Analysis of legislative-management frameworks -- Zoning - defining visitation spatial elements of VFM -- VMF risks -- Carrying capacity findings informing VMF risks -- Integration -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9: Approaches to foresight recreation and tourism in nature: Experiences from the Nordic Region -- Introduction -- Outdoor recreation in the Nordic context -- Monitoring outdoor recreation -- Trends in participation -- Increased diversity -- Foresight outdoor recreation -- Cohort studies -- Predictions by the public -- Predictions by experts -- Experts vs. the public -- Scenario modeling and future tables -- Ethnographic online approaches -- Crowdsourced data -- Looking into the crystal ball -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 10: The impact of transport infrastructure development on nature-based tourism: The case of the isolated communities of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan -- Introduction and context -- Description of the case study area -- Transport infrastructure development and tourism -- Methods -- Results -- Access to Gilgit-Baltistan and Tourist Visitation -- Post-road livelihood diversification strategies -- Nature-based tourism development and the changing visitor profile in Gilgit-Baltistan -- Discussion -- Mobilities impact on livelihoods -- The results of tourism development -- Tourist area life cycle -- Conclusion -- Note -- References.

Chapter 11: Digital technologies in trail-related recreation: Future challenges for trail development -- Introduction -- Theoretical background of sustainable recreational trail development -- Methodological approach -- Search criteria -- Data analysis -- Results -- Dimensions of digital technologies use in nature-based recreation -- Information and communication -- Experience design -- Safety -- Environmental management -- Future challenges in recreational trail management -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Fostering stakeholder engagement in sustainable cultural tourism development in nature-based sites: A case study on using methodological layering of art-based methods -- Challenges and opportunities of tourism development in Finnish Lapland -- Participatory methodologies for tourism development -- Participatory tourism planning methods -- Art-based and service design methods for the development of sustainable tourism -- Using art-based methods in the Utsjoki living lab -- Opportunity tree -- Pictures as probes -- Multi-method process flow -- Methodological reflection -- The two-fold role of ABMs -- Lessons learned -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 13: The provision of sustainable wildlife experiences: The role of the wildlife watching tourism guides -- Introduction -- Wildlife tourism and wildlife watching tourism -- The guide's role -- Study sites and case activities -- Musk ox safaris in Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park, Norway -- Polar bear tourism in Svalbard, Norway -- Polar bear tourism in Churchill, Canada -- Data collections and analyses -- Main findings -- An expanded model of the guides' role when guiding wildlife watching tourism activities -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: The roles of tour guides in nature-based tours -- Introduction -- Exploring tour guides.

Contributions of tour guides to the tourism industry -- Roles of tour guides in nature-based tours -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: Business networking in the field of nature-based tourism: Key factors for successful management -- Introduction -- Literature review -- Collaboration and business networking -- Theoretical foundations -- Community-based tourism -- Strategic marketing planning: theming strategy -- Nature-based tourism and tea tourism -- Suggesting a framework -- Empirical study -- Study area -- Research instrument and technique -- Sample and data collection -- Results -- Strategies -- Prerequisites and critical success factors -- Discussion, conclusion, and management implications -- Discussion -- Conclusion and management implications -- References -- Part III: Visitor experience design and management -- Chapter 16: Experience design and value co-creation in nature-based tourism: The role of customer interaction types -- Introduction -- Theoretical framework -- Consumer value as socio-cultural and interactive -- Experience design through different customer interactions -- Methods -- Research setting -- Data gathering and analysis -- Findings -- Customer interactions as dynamic, intertwined, and multi-dimensional -- Customer interactions enabling value co-creation -- Customer interactions constraining value co-creation -- Multi-dimensional, intertwined and dynamic consumer value as output -- Management implications and further research -- Discussion and conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- Note -- References -- Chapter 17: Transformative birdwatching tourism experiences in the Peruvian Amazon -- Introduction -- Nature-based tourism and wildlife observation activities -- Birdwatching -- Transformative tourism experiences -- Study approach -- Study site: the Northern Peru Birding Route.

Study analysis: a transformative experience in the Peruvian Amazon.