Intro -- World Heritage Sites: Tourism, Local Communities and Conservation Activities -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Case Studies -- 1 World Heritage Sites - An Introduction -- 1 Aim and Scope of the Book -- 2 Organizations Related to World Heritage Sites -- 2.1 UNESCO World Heritage Centre -- 2.2 World Heritage Committee -- 2.3 States Parties -- 2.4 Advisory bodies -- 3 The Historical Background of World Heritage Sites -- 4 The World Heritage Convention and Mission of World Heritage Sites -- 5 Designation of World Heritage Sites -- 6 Concepts of Heritage and World Heritage Sites -- 7 Eastern and Western Perspectives -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Societies and communities -- 7.3 Culture and religion -- 7.4 Heritage and authenticity -- 7.5 Conservation: culture and nature -- 7.6 Cities and planning -- 7.7 Visitors and tourism -- 8 Structure of the Book -- References -- 2 Heritage Management and Conservation Activities at World Heritage Sites -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Heritage management and World Heritage Sites -- 1.2 Conservation activities and World Heritage Sites -- 2 Postmodernism, Globalization and WHSs -- 3 Reality of Heritage Management and Conservation Activities at WHSs -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Philosophy and approach -- 3.3 Duties and responsibilities -- 3.4 Management, conservation and tourism -- 3.5 Eastern and western perspectives -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Tourism Development at World Heritage Sites -- 1 Tourism Development -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Economic aspect of the triple bottom line of sustainability and tourism development -- 1.3 Sociocultural aspect of the triple bottom line of sustainability and tourism development -- 1.4 Environmental aspect of the triple bottom line of sustainability and tourism development.

1.5 Tourism development: then and now -- 2 Tourism Development at World Heritage Sites -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Tourism development at World Heritage Sites: host side of tourism -- 2.3 Tourism development at World Heritage Sites: guest side of tourism -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Tourism Marketing at World Heritage Sites -- 1 Tourism and Destination Marketing -- 1.1 Marketing for tourism -- 1.2 Destination marketing -- 2 World Heritage Sites: Tourism and Destination Marketing -- 2.1 World Heritage status as a brand -- 2.2 Stakeholders and organizations in marketing for World Heritage Sites -- 2.3 Visitors' responses to World Heritage status -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Local Communities in and around World Heritage Sites -- 1 Local Communities and Local People -- 1.1 Concepts of local communities and local people -- 1.2 Community development and tourism -- 2 Local People's Views towards Changes -- 2.1 Local people and their views -- 2.2 Extrinsic and intrinsic factors -- 2.2.1 Extrinsic factors -- 2.2.2 Intrinsic factors -- 2.2.3 Summary -- 3 Introduction to Four Kinds of Changes in Local Communities -- 4 Psychological Impacts of World Heritage Status and Tourism after WHS Designation (Attitudinal Changes) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Attitudes towards tourists and excursionists -- 4.3 Interest in heritage conservation -- 4.4 Attachment to place of residence -- 4.5 Pride in place of residence -- 4.6 Local identity -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 6 The Economic Impacts of World Heritage Site Designation on Local Communities -- 1 The Economic Impacts of Tourism -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Tourism balance of payments -- 1.3 National, local and household income -- 1.4 Variety of local businesses, dependency on tourism and opportunity costs -- 1.5 Employment -- 1.6 Inflation and increase in the cost of living.

1.7 Leakage and tourism multiplier -- 2 The Economic Impacts of WH Status and Tourism at WHSs -- 2.1 Access to funding -- 2.2 Financial support from governments and private organizations -- 3 Economic Changes in and around World Heritage Sites and Local People's Views -- 3.1 Diversity and strength of local economy -- 3.1.1 Changes -- 3.1.2 Local people's views -- 3.2 Employment opportunities -- 3.2.1 Changes -- 3.2.2 Local people's views -- 3.3 Income -- 3.3.1 Changes -- 3.3.2 Local people's views -- 3.4 Cost of living -- 3.4.1 Changes -- 3.4.2 Local people's views -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 The Sociocultural Impacts of World Heritage Site Designation on Local Communities -- 1 Sociocultural Impacts of Tourism -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Quality of life and social pathology -- 1.3 Overcrowding, privacy and traffic-related problems -- 1.4 Population, social polarization and solidarity among local people -- 1.5 Local culture -- 1.6 Authenticity -- 1.7 Visible atmosphere -- 1.8 Conservation -- 1.9 Recognition and image -- 1.10 Communications and cultural exchanges between local residents and visitors -- 2 The Sociocultural Impacts of WH Status and Tourism at WHSs -- 2.1 Split between the WHS and its surrounding communities -- 2.2 Conservation after World Heritage Site inscription -- 2.3 Conflicts of interests, aspirations and concerns -- 3 The Sociocultural Changes in and around World Heritage Sites and Local People's Views -- 3.1 Social pathology -- 3.1.1 Changes -- 3.1.2 Local people's views -- 3.2 Congestion and privacy -- 3.2.1 Changes -- 3.2.2 Local people's views -- 3.3 'Feel' and 'spirit' -- 3.3.1 Changes -- 3.3.2 Local people's views -- 3.4 Level of conservation -- 3.4.1 Changes -- 3.4.2 Local people's views -- 3.5 Interactions between local people and visitors -- 3.5.1 Changes -- 3.5.2 Local people's views -- 4 Conclusion -- References.

8 The Environmental Impacts of World Heritage Site Designation on Local Communities -- 1 The Environmental Impacts of Tourism -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Natural environment -- 1.2.1 Positive impacts of tourism on the natural environment -- 1.2.2 Negative impacts of tourism on the natural environment -- 1.3 Built environment: infrastructure -- 1.3.1 Basic infrastructure for local communities -- 1.3.2 Infrastructure for local communities and visitors -- 1.3.3 Infrastructure mainly for visitors -- 2 The Environmental Impacts of WH Status and Tourism at WHSs -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Invasive species -- 2.3 Poaching -- 2.4 Dams -- 2.5 Climate change -- 3 Environmental Changes in and around World Heritage Sites and Local People's Views -- 3.1 Natural environment at WHSs -- 3.1.1 Changes -- 3.1.2 Local people's views -- 3.2 Built environment at WHSs: Infrastructure for local people and visitors -- 3.2.1 Changes -- 3.2.2 Local people's views -- 3.3 Built environment at WHSs: infrastructure mainly for visitors -- 3.3.1 Changes -- 3.3.2 Local people's views -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Contemporary Developments in and around World Heritage Sites and Their Implications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Contemporary Developments in World Heritage Sites -- 2.1 The List of World Heritage in Danger -- 2.2 Cultural Landscapes -- 2.3 Historic Urban Landscapes -- 3 Contemporary Developments around World Heritage Sites -- 3.1 Culture-focused concepts -- 3.1.1 Intangible Cultural Heritage -- 3.1.2 Memory of the World -- 3.2 Nature-focused concepts -- 3.2.1 UNESCO Global Geoparks -- 3.2.2 Biosphere Reserves -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Reflection (Summary) -- 1 World Heritage Sites -- 1.1 Key agencies -- 1.2 Historical backdrops and essential information -- 1.3 World Heritage Convention and mission of World Heritage Sites -- 1.4 Inscription of World Heritage Sites.

1.5 Concept of World Heritage Sites and Outstanding Universal Value -- 2 Eastern and Western Viewpoints -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Societies and communities -- 2.3 Culture and religion -- 2.4 Heritage and authenticity -- 2.5 Conservation: culture and nature -- 2.6 Cities and planning -- 2.7 Tourism -- 3 World Heritage Sites: Heritage Management and Conservation Activities -- 4 World Heritage Sites: Tourism -- 4.1 World Heritage Sites: tourism development -- 4.2 World Heritage Sites: tourism marketing -- 5 World Heritage Sites: Local Communities -- 6 Changes in Local Communities and Views towards Changes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Economic changes -- 6.3 Sociocultural changes -- 6.4 Environmental changes -- 7 Contemporary Developments in and around World Heritage Sites -- 8 Suggested Academic Models -- References -- Index.